Surveying laboratory

The surveying laboratory is a rite of passage for many second-year engineering students, signifying entry into the discipline. While surveying is not as integral to the modern civil engineering curriculum as it once was, it continues to be instrumental in understanding the difference between training and education [1].

Surveying laboratory. Survey Laboratory; Concrete Laboratory. Professor in-charge: Prof.A.N.Nayak Faculty-in-charge: Dr. B.Nanda Instructor-in-charge: Mr. A. K. Satapathy Lab Area: 54Sq.m List of major equipments: Compression Testing Machine (200 tonne) Ultrasonic Pulse velocity concrete tester; Rebound Hammer;

Surveying Lab-I Manual 1 Evaluation of Laboratory Marks for II Year (Internal Exams) 1. The internal lab examination schedules will be given by the Examination Branch. 2. During a year there will be three lab exams and each exam will be evaluated for 25 marks. 3. Average of three lab exams will be the final internal lab exam marks. 4.

Objectives of Surveying. To determine the relative position of any objects or points of the earth. To determine the distance and angle between different objects. To prepare a map or plan to represent an area on a horizontal plan. To develop methods through the knowledge of modern science and the technology and use them in the field.The below list of Civil Engineering Material testing lab viva Questions and Answers Basics: 1. What is Surveying? 2. What is Levelling? 3. Objective and Uses of Surveying? 4. Methods of Surveying? a. Triangulation b. Traversing 5. Explain: a. Topographic Map b. Cadastral Map c. Engineering Map d. Military Map e. Contour Map f. …Stadia tacheometric survey is one of the survey parric survey is one of the survey parts which have tots which have to measure the heightStadia tacheomet measure the height and earth level which can get indirectly from calcuarth level which can get indirectly from calculatiolation. Stadia tacheometric survey is a branchand e n.The surveying laboratory seeks to provide students with the required experience. The laboratory practicums are conducted with this goal in mind. The researcher visually observed the surveying laboratory in WKU and established the need to implement 5S. The study population were surveyed pre and postInstitute of Aeronautical Engineering (IARE), Hyderabad was established in 2000, by a devoted group of eminent professionals and industrialists, ...Oct 20, 2023 · Get In Touch With Us. [email protected]; Phone(L) - 011-26582050; Wireless Research Lab Room No - 206/IIA Bharti School of Telecom Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ... Surveying Laboratory: M116 & M104A: Experiments are performed in the field. Students will learn about elementary and higher surveying; the use of surveying instruments, laying out simple, compound, reversed, spiral and vertical curves; and the different techniques in laying out curves in cases of interventions in the field. ...

Oct 20, 2021 · Laboratory Field Work 2: Taping Over Smooth and Level Ground. Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory. Charlene Joy A. Ruizo. College of Engineering, UNP. BSSE 2. Irish Dalis, EM. October 20, 2021 2. Taping Over Smooth and Level Ground. I. Introduction. Smooth and level ground is easily measured by the use of the tape. The procedure only asks Surveying Laboratory The Surveying Laboratory is on the first floor with a floor space of 490 ft2. It is used to store the surveying equipment and tools and to prepare for the field surveying. The state-of-the-art surveying equipment and tools are available in this lab. The computers in the lab are used to process the survey data.Engineering Laboratories Engineering Laboratories University of Northwestern - St. Paul Engineering Laboratories Electronics Laboratory 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Oscilloscopes, power supplies, DMMs, and function generators for eight workstations to support circuits and electronics courses.colegio de muntinlupa. department of civil engineering. surveying laboratory professor: engr. ida p. pandawe exercise no. 2. taping over a smooth and level ground title. name : cris jester h. david date performed : 09/21/2020 The laboratory can provide essential surveying equipments for the bachelor degree students to familiar with the practical surveying technique in the ...Surveying is a very important part of Civil Engineering. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. Surveying Lecture 1. The following pdf lecture is created by GAURAV. H .TANDON for the civil engineering students.The Surveying Laboratory has an area of 1,720 square feet. This space stores the equipment and instruments used for the courses and investigations offered in the Civil Engineering and Surveying and Topography programs. It counts with instruments such as transit, level, total station, digital level, distance meter, electronic data collectors ...The Surveying Laboratory has an area of 1,720 square feet. This space stores the equipment and instruments used for the courses and investigations offered in the Civil Engineering and Surveying and Topography programs. It counts with instruments such as transit, level, total station, digital level, distance meter, electronic data collectors ...

( 0901282)Surveying Lab. Course Description : Distance measurement and adjustment, leveling exercises, Theodolite exercises, contouring exercises ...surveying laboratory exercise. Published October 15, 2020 at 400 × 602 in surveying laboratory exercise. Trackbacks are closed, but you can post a comment.Course: Field Surveying Laboratory (CEE 225) Info More info. Download. Save. PACING . I. INTRODUCTION: Pacing provides a convenient means of obtaining . approximate distances which is quite useful in . surveying. It can be used to obtain a rough check . on more accurate measurements made with a .survey line (base line). ➢ The polar method depends on taking the measurement of a distance from the point and an angle with reference ...Surveying Lab-I Manual 1 Evaluation of Laboratory Marks for II Year (Internal Exams) 1. The internal lab examination schedules will be given by the Examination Branch. 2. During a year there will be three lab exams and each exam will be evaluated for 25 marks. 3. Average of three lab exams will be the final internal lab exam marks. 4. SECTION : BSCE - 3 DATE SUBMITTED : 10/07/2020. I) INTRODUCTION. For sloping ground or uneven ground, taping is handled similarly to taping over level. ground. The tape is held horizontally but one or both tape men have to use plumb bobs. Sometimes, large elevation difference makes it impossible to use an entire tape.

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Property survey maps are found online through the Bureau of Land Management General Land Office Records Automation website. Land survey maps and records can also be found on the website for Land Survey Records.Until further notice, the National Soil Survey Center and Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory soil archive is unavailable for subsampling. The archive is being readied for a physical move to a new location and is subject to new curation requirements. The KSSL is developing a sample management program to ensure compliance.EQUIPMENT NEEDED: SURVEY TEAM: 1 - RTK Instrument men 12 stakes. OBJECTIVE: To layout a reverse curve using Real time Kinematic PROCEDURES: 14. BSCE 211L: FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING LABORATORY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, INC Laoag City, Ilocos Norte. 1.1. Rotate the telescope about the turning axis until the instrument is in face-left position. SURVEYING LAB 2012-13 THEODOLITE EXP. (7) Al-Mansur University Collage– Civil Engineering Department – 2nd. Class Page 4 of 26. 2. After making sure no one is in the telescope line of sight, press the laser on button on top.These SURVEYING LAB VIVA Questions are very important for campus placement test and job interviews. As per my experience good interviewers hardly plan to ask any particular questions during your Job interview and these model questions are asked in the online technical test and interview of many IT & Non IT Industries.

The procedure for setting out a combined curve (consisting of a simple. circular curve with transition curve at each end) by method of deflection. angles is as follows: 2. Step 1: Locate the tangent point T, by measuring back the total tangent. length (Tt) along the back tangent, from the point of intersection V. The Surveying Laboratory has an area of 1,720 square feet. This space stores the equipment and instruments used for the courses and investigations offered in the Civil Engineering and Surveying and Topography programs. It counts with instruments such as transit, level, total station, digital level, distance meter, electronic data collectors ...Course Objectives: •. To impart the practical knowledge in the field- measuring distances, directions, angles,. •. To determining R.L.'s areas and volumes.The surveying laboratory seeks to provide students with the required experience. The laboratory practicums are conducted with this goal in mind. The researcher visually observed the surveying laboratory in WKU and established the need to implement 5S. The study population were surveyed pre and postNow the tour, so it's tour time. Surveyors normally like to do a facility tour all together, right after the opening meeting. You don't need everybody in the laboratory following the surveyors around. You can just appoint key people to take the surveyors to different areas. This is the observation and information gathering part or parts of the ...Procedure: A. Determining Distance by Pacing. 1. Look for a place having a level ground of unknown length and. designate the end points as point A and B. 2. Walk over the course at natural pace with either heel or toe and. count the paces made from point B to A, then A to B, until you. reach five trials. True or False - Failure to abide by the policies and rules set forth in the Field Laboratory Manual will have a large impact on your surveying lab average. True.Closed ended questionnaires with 23 items from which 8 items for availability of laboratory equipment and 15 items for laboratory practice were set in the form of "Likert" rating scale with four options (4=strongly agree, 3=agree, 2=disagree and 1=strongly disagree)" Yesgat & Yibeltal, 2021: 96. These categories were further broken down …Open this file to view the PDF. CE134 Lab Manual – Spring 2016, AYN 53 fProject Submittal Instructions Report: 1. Combine all sections of the report (MSWord) 2. Print complete report to PDF File o File Name: Crew # Report.pdf o Verity that the PDF file is complete! 3.Submit the PDF file to your instructor.Until further notice, the National Soil Survey Center and Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory soil archive is unavailable for subsampling. The archive is being readied for a physical move to a new location and is subject to new curation requirements. The KSSL is developing a sample management program to ensure compliance.

Text of Surveying lab report 1. I. Introduction:When you don't have any measuring device, you can measure a. distance by your own pace factor or by pacing. By this, you can measure a distance by counting your steps (paces). Distance is determined by multiplying the paces by your pace factor. Pace factor is the number of inches or feet per pace.

The surveying laboratory seeks to provide students with the required experience. The laboratory practicums are conducted with this goal in mind. The researcher visually observed the surveying laboratory in WKU and established the need to implement 5S. The study population were surveyed pre and postSurvey instruments and lab equipments saibabatraders 5.7K views ... BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS) SITE SURVEYING (QSB60103) Fieldwork one: Levelling Group member: Name Student ID 1. Wong Qin Kai 0320024 2. Lee Shze Hwa 0320053 3. Ng Huoy Miin 0319097 4. Hoi Wei …Stadia tacheometric survey is one of the survey parts which have to measure the height. and earth level which can get indirectly from calculation. Stadia tacheometric survey is a branch. of surveying in which horizontal and vertical distance of points are obtained by optical. measurement avoiding ordinary and slower process of measurement tape.Laboratory Accreditation Program Document List and Survey Activity List LAB 26 Nursing Care Centers Accreditation Program Document List and Survey Activity List NCC 29 Home Care Accreditation Program Document List and Survey Activity List OME 31 During survey – Sessions are generally in order of the survey agenda Surveyor Arrival All 37Survey Laboratory; Concrete Laboratory. Professor in-charge: Prof.A.N.Nayak Faculty-in-charge: Dr. B.Nanda Instructor-in-charge: Mr. A. K. Satapathy Lab Area: 54Sq.m List of major equipments: Compression Testing Machine (200 tonne) Ultrasonic Pulse velocity concrete tester; Rebound Hammer;Text of Surveying lab report 1. I. Introduction:When you don't have any measuring device, you can measure a. distance by your own pace factor or by pacing. By this, you can measure a distance by counting your steps (paces). Distance is determined by multiplying the paces by your pace factor. Pace factor is the number of inches or feet per pace.The Surveying and Geomatics Laboratory of the DICAM (LARIG) supports research and didactics in the field of Geomatics, and carries out activities of geospatial ...Surveying Laboratory · Digital Theodolite Level · Electronic Theodolite · Electronic Level · Telescopic Plane Table · Automatic Optical Plane Table · Electronic Total ...

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The surveying laboratory is a rite of passage for many second-year engineering students, signifying entry into the discipline. While surveying is not as integral to the modern civil engineering curriculum as it once was, it continues to be instrumental in understanding the difference between training and education [1]. surveying jobs be performed? The use of levels and total stations is illustrated by a series of practical examples. In addition, applications programs are described; these are incorporated into the modern total stations manufactured by Leica Geosystems and they solve survey tasks even more easily and elegantly. Equipped with the knowledge in ...AbstractObjectives. To examine job satisfaction, well-being, job stress, and burnout among laboratory professionals.Methods. The study utilized a cross-sectionaThe procedure for setting out a combined curve (consisting of a simple. circular curve with transition curve at each end) by method of deflection. angles is as follows: 2. Step 1: Locate the tangent point T, by measuring back the total tangent. length (Tt) along the back tangent, from the point of intersection V.ENVI LAB & CONSULTANT COMPANY LIMITED Company Profile | MUEANG SURAT THANI, SURAT THANI, Thailand | Competitors, Financials & Contacts - Dun & BradstreetStadia tacheometric survey is one of the survey parts which have to measure the height. and earth level which can get indirectly from calculation. Stadia tacheometric survey is a branch. of surveying in which horizontal and vertical distance of points are obtained by optical. measurement avoiding ordinary and slower process of measurement tape.The study explores an innovative teaching mode that integrates Icourse, DingTalk, and online experimental simulation platforms to provide online theoretical and …Linear measurement RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT 5.3K views•43 slides. S2 3.1 tape and offset surveying Est 18.7K views•32 slides. Surveying Wajji Mirza 1.2K views•26 slides. EDM ( Electronic distance meter) Umarfarook Momin 27.1K views•32 slides. Instruments used in surveying Mir Zafarullah 9.1K views•40 slides.These SURVEYING LAB VIVA Questions are very important for campus placement test and job interviews. As per my experience good interviewers hardly plan to ask any particular questions during your Job interview and these model questions are asked in the online technical test and interview of many IT & Non IT Industries.Why Study Surveying at Reedley College. The focus of the Land Surveying program is to provide the student with a thorough background in land surveying and mapping in addition to an introduction to the collecting, manipulating, formatting and mapping of data. ... SURV-1L/301L Introduction to Land Surveying Laboratory ...Surveying. A surveyor using a total station. A student using a theodolite in field. Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. ….

customer surveys are required in ISO 9001 standards for quality management systems. Any laboratory that implements a quality management system, whether accredited or not, needs to use some method for surveying clients in order to understand whether needs are being met. To be successful, surveys should be carefully planned and organized.Deciding19 Apr 2018 ... This two-day laboratory experiment incorporates principles of quantitative chemical analysis, redox chemistry, reaction kinetics, optical ...🕑 Reading time: 1 minute Hydrographic surveying or bathymetric surveying is the survey of physical features present underwater. It is the science of measuring all factors beneath water that affect all the marine activities like dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling etc. Hydrographic surveying is mainly conducted under authority concerns.This lab houses the surveying equipment, software and hardware needed to support students' learning related to Construction Layout and Construction ...The Land Surveying Program offers both an Associate of Science Degree and a Certificate of Achievement. The only difference between the Degree and the Certificate is the completion of the college's general education requirements. The Degree is 34 program units + 26 general education units (for a total of 60 units) and the Certificate is 34 ...The procedure for setting out a combined curve (consisting of a simple. circular curve with transition curve at each end) by method of deflection. angles is as follows: 2. Step 1: Locate the tangent point T, by measuring back the total tangent. length (Tt) along the back tangent, from the point of intersection V. LABORATORY & CHEMICAL COMPANY LIMITED Company Profile | MUEANG SURAT THANI, SURAT THANI, Thailand | Competitors, Financials & Contacts - Dun & BradstreetSurvey Laboratory Manual. 2020-2021. Page 2. Laboratory Manual. 1. SURVEYING. SURVEYING LABORATORY SYLLABUS. COURSE OBJECTIVES. 1. To acquire practical ...Open this file to view the PDF. CE134 Lab Manual – Spring 2016, AYN 53 fProject Submittal Instructions Report: 1. Combine all sections of the report (MSWord) 2. Print complete report to PDF File o File Name: Crew # Report.pdf o Verity that the PDF file is complete! 3.Submit the PDF file to your instructor. Surveying laboratory, Objectives of Surveying. To determine the relative position of any objects or points of the earth. To determine the distance and angle between different objects. To prepare a map or plan to represent an area on a horizontal plan. To develop methods through the knowledge of modern science and the technology and use them in the field., A land surveyor uses instruments to make precise measurements of the earth’s surface. From determining property boundaries to preparing construction sites, surveyors rely on certain equipment to do their jobs properly. Below is a summary of eight different types of surveying equipment and their uses: 1. Chains and Tapes., 1. Rotate the telescope about the turning axis until the instrument is in face-left position. SURVEYING LAB 2012-13 THEODOLITE EXP. (7) Al-Mansur University Collage– Civil Engineering Department – 2nd. Class Page 4 of 26. 2. After making sure no one is in the telescope line of sight, press the laser on button on top., Stadia tacheometric survey is one of the survey parts which have to measure the height. and earth level which can get indirectly from calculation. Stadia tacheometric survey is a branch. of surveying in which horizontal and vertical distance of points are obtained by optical. measurement avoiding ordinary and slower process of measurement tape., INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING LAB. OVERVIEW. The aim of this module is to introduce the students to the basic concepts of conducting surveys. These are the following: Surveying Field Notes, Information found in Found in Field Notebooks, The Field Survey Party, Arm and Hand Signals, Conventional Surveying Equipment, Equipment Care and Protection and Laboratory Report Preparation. , Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory. Ronel Son F. Gadingan College of Engineering, UNP BSCE 2D Irish Dalis, EM October 25, 2021 TAPING OVER SMOOTH AND LEVEL GROUND. I. INTRODUCTION The accurate determination of distance between two points on any surface is one of the basic operations of plane, Surveying - Traverse Group Example Problem 1 B A D C S 77° 10’ E 651.2 ft. S 38° 43’ W 826.7 ft. N 64° 09’ W 491.0 ft. N 29° 16’ E 660.5 ft. Side Length (ft.) Latitude Departure degree minutes AB S 77 10 E 651.2 BC S 38 43 W 826.7 CD N 649W 491.0 DE N 29 16 E 660.5 Bearing Surveying - Traverse Group Example Problem 1 Surveying ..., SURVEYING LAB. DO s : 1. Maintain proper dress code and discipline in the lab. ... Learn the lab procedure and know all equipment to be operated before starting of the experiment. 4. Handle the equipment with care. 5. Every student should wear a white cap and should have a water bottle while working in the field. 6. Do accurate centering ..., SURVEY-I LAB MANNUAL. Vivek Thakur Sujanian. laboratory_manual_1649351814. laboratory_manual_1649351814. nasser shawkey. traverse lab. traverse lab. Besufkad Yirgu. Surveyyy Intro …, Surveying - Traverse Group Example Problem 1 B A D C S 77° 10’ E 651.2 ft. S 38° 43’ W 826.7 ft. N 64° 09’ W 491.0 ft. N 29° 16’ E 660.5 ft. Side Length (ft.) Latitude Departure degree minutes AB S 77 10 E 651.2 BC S 38 43 W 826.7 CD N 649W 491.0 DE N 29 16 E 660.5 Bearing Surveying - Traverse Group Example Problem 1 Surveying ... , 2) Subdivide the field into a convenient series of connected triangles (refer to an. accompanying figure). Use pegs hubs, or pins to mark the vertices of each triangle. Call. these points A, B, C, and etc. 3) From the centrally-located point, measure distances to each point defining the corners or. , Surveying. A surveyor using a total station. A student using a theodolite in field. Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor., colegio de muntinlupa. department of civil engineering. surveying laboratory professor: engr. ida p. pandawe exercise no. 2. taping over a smooth and level ground title. name : cris jester h. david date performed : 09/21/2020 , MANALO, KRIZELLE JOYCE C. 19-03497. LABORATORY EXERCISE 2: TAPING OVER SMOOTH AND LEVEL GROUND. FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING I. INTRODUCTION The accurate determination of distance between two points on any surface is one of the basic operations of plane surveying. , Surveying; Laboratory; Lingualized; Removable partial denture; Download chapter PDF 1 Definitions. Surveyor: A paralleling instrument used in construction of a dental prosthesis to locate and delineate the contours and relative positions of …, The Surveying and Geomatics Engineering Technology Program offers all necessary surveying coursework required for a bachelor of science degree from first year to fourth year levels (1000 – 4000) through online learning. For courses that include a laboratory component, the student's local mentor will be responsible for conducting/supervising ... , Survey-I EXPERIMENT NO-2 AIM : Locating various object by chain & cross staff survey APPARATUS: Chain, Ranging rod, Arrows, Cross-staff, Metallic Survey (Tape) THEORY: Cross-Staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i.e taking offsets from a chain line. it is easier and quicker method ,but not very accurate .if , Aug. 10, 2014 • 0 likes • 9,527 views. Download Now. Download to read offline. Engineering. Hand Signals for Surveying. Charlie De Paz Follow. Model at GLENCEN Corporation., Title. Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Issue 42 of Soil survey investigations report. Editor. Rebecca Burt. Contributor. National Soil Survey Center (U.S.) Publisher. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory, 2014., INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING LABORATORY Definition: Surveying is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points or details. 1., ENV-3C16 FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY FIELD COURSE (2003) A modern Surveying Level SURVEYING METHODS (based on Tovey (1996) – Surveying Sections 1 – 3 Sectio n 1 Intro duction Sectio n 2 basic Surve ying Methods Sectio n 3 Orga nisation and plann ing of a Survey, This laboratory course will emphasize the material presented in CM 214 Surveying. Individual laboratory sessions will cover the areas of distance ..., Pacing provides a convenient means of obtaining approximate distances which is quite useful in surveying. It can be used to obtain a rough check on more accurate measurements made with a tape. Rules for Accurate Pacing 1., Introduction. Your lab report introduction should set the scene for your experiment. One way to write your introduction is with a funnel (an inverted triangle) structure: Start with the broad, general research topic. Narrow your topic down your specific study focus. End with a clear research question., A pilot survey is a preliminary survey used to gather information prior to conducting a survey on a larger scale. Pilot surveys often help organizations determine the details of the survey., View Lab - Surveying Lab Report#1-1 from CHEM 101 at Qatar University. 1.Introduction: The differential leveling is the procedure that the group followed in this survey using the tilting or the Upload to Study, SURVEYING LAB DATE: OBJECTIVE: Determining a height of object by measuring vertical angle. EQUIPMENTS : 1. Theodolite 2. Leveling Stop 3. Tape or Chain 4. Pegs 5. Plumb bob SKETCH: Q1. 1 2 S D Q. Q2. PROCEDURE: 1. Setup the instrument at station P. 2. Perform all temporary adjustments. 3. Bring the line of collimation horizontal 4., Below is the procedure on how to use a theodolite : 1. Mark the point at which the theodolite will be set up with a. surveyors nail or a stake. This point is the basis for measuring. angles and distances. 2. Set up the tripod. Make sure the height of the tripod allows the., GEM L309 - Land Survey Principles Lab (1) This laboratory explores the impact of land survey law on the practice of surveying and mapping in the state of Alabama. Focuses on the practice of writing legal descriptions, the structure of the U.S. Public Land Survey System, and courthouse research. Prerequisite: GEM 2220, Our payments are processed by PayPal and Stripe. We accept payments with Visa, MasterCard, American Express, PayPal and Pay-by-Click. You can also pay with money transfer after receiving VAT invoice. Start using SurveyLab online surveys for free, next select one of the available subscription plans or contact us regarding Enterprise plan., The surveying laboratory seeks to provide students with the required experience. The laboratory practicums are conducted with this goal in mind. The researcher visually observed the surveying laboratory in WKU and established the need to implement 5S. The study population were surveyed pre and post, Now the tour, so it's tour time. Surveyors normally like to do a facility tour all together, right after the opening meeting. You don't need everybody in the laboratory following the surveyors around. You can just appoint key people to take the surveyors to different areas. This is the observation and information gathering part or parts of the ..., specific survey instrument manufacturer’s recommendations and generally accepted surveying practices. • Each operator will record the specific references (Universal Transverse Mercator -UTM coordinates and datums) used for their survey points. For surveying it is imperative to identify which coordinate system is used.