Mushroom identification

Do not eat mushrooms without paying attention to identification. Magic Mushrooms in Virginia. Virginia hosts an interesting range of psychoactive mushroom species. Most owe their activity primarily to Psilocybin, a substance that is certainly not risk-free to use (in rare cases, convulsions and even death can occur), but is usually relatively ...

Mushroom identification. The cap of the lawnmower mushroom is usually 1/4-1 1/2 inch in diameter - it's a small mushroom with a thin stem and a small round cap. It has a widely conical or bell-shaped structure, eventually becoming convex or nearly flat. It is bald and hygrophanous, meaning its color changes dramatically as it loses moisture.

Mushroom clubs exist in every state in the U.S. as well as around the world, and joining one is an excellent way to start mushroom hunting. The clubs usually host mushroom walks, where beginners can join more experienced mushroom hunters to find and identify species in the wild, learning from the seasoned hunters' expertise.

Mushroom Identify—Automatic: This is another option that allows you to take a pic in the wild and let the app identify the mushroom for you. It includes more than 900 species and lists look ...Morel mushroom fruit bodies typically have a conical-shaped cap between two and six centimeters wide and two and eight centimeters high (1). Expect these mushrooms to have hollow centers and caps that completely connect to their stem. They come in various colors, too, from gray to golden shades of yellow to reddish brown (3).Mushroom Identification Courses. 30 May, 2023. When Think Fungi first launched, it launched with two things: a community for mycophiles to interact, share and collaborate, and a mushroom identification course. Since then we have grown to include many courses, both in person and online, a mushroom marketplace, and more.Mushroom Identification Guide. This foraging guide is designed to help identify edible mushrooms (fungi) and their poisonous lookalikes growing in the UK. This backs up information given on foraging courses led by The Foraging Course Company. Mushrooms (fungi) are listed alphabetically by common name. These online guides are …A new edition of the classic, bestselling field guide to mushrooms from Peterson Field Guides. Peterson Field Guide To Mushrooms is a portable-sized field guide for mushroom identification—the ultimate, most comprehensive manual to mushrooms available.. Toadstools, truffles, boletes and morels, witches' butter, conks, corals, puffballs and earthstars: mushrooms are both mysterious and ...Enokitake Mushroom. Enokitake, or enoki, mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes) are long and thin mushrooms with miniature caps and a long stem. They're white, cream or sometimes golden in color. If you can find enoki mushrooms, look for a firm and dry stem and clean caps. Avoid enoki mushrooms that are limp or wet.

Identification. Cap. The cap of this mushroom has a unique shape, often compared to a shoehorn or a petal; this is where it gets its name. It ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 inches in diameter and looks like a rolled-up fan, funnel, or collection of folded-over leaves.Mushrooms are fascinating organisms with a wide variety of shapes and structures. In this section, we will discuss the main parts of a mushroom, which can help in identification and understanding their biology. Cap (Pileus) The cap, also known as the pileus, is the umbrella-like structure on top of the mushroom. It is the most visible part of ...Turkey Tail Mushroom Identification Video. This video shows the various features of true turkey tail mushroom. It gets up close and personal with this mushroom to show you the fine velvety texture, its concentric bands of colors, and how pliable the mushroom should be. foragedfoodie. When identifying #turkeytailmushrooms, aka #trametes # ...Inky Cap Mushroom Identification *this guide is for the common inky cap mushroom *please see the section on North American inky cap mushroom species to see how to identify other inky cap mushrooms on this continent. Season. This mushroom fruits anytime from late spring into autumn. They may even appear in winter in warmer … The larger cap is a little more than three inches wide. The upper surface of the cap is yellowish to pinkish, and there are tiny scales on one of the caps. This one's not a gilled mushroom but a bolete, as evidenced by the spongelike, porous surface below the cap. That pore surface (the pores are actually the open ends of a layer of vertically ... Mushroom size is an important identifying factor, but be aware at different stages of growth—some mushrooms are smaller versions of the same species. Some mushroom caps, however, change quite drastically as they grow through stages. In addition, weather plays a huge role in the growth, development and size of a mushroom.Identification: This particular fungi is characterized by its red cap and stem. The cap measures about 2 inches when mature; starts off bell-shaped and eventually flattens when the mushroom matures. Its stipe is also red with a bright yellowish base. On the underside you'll notice the well-spaced red-orange gills.They are 2-5 inches wide, have a folded margin, and noticeable concentric zonal coloring. The bleeding milkcap grows 2-6 inches tall and is quite brittle. Seeing red liquid ooze from the gills sounds scary, but it's sign of excellent saffron milky caps species. This milky cap bleeds red latex "milk" from the pores.

When these fungi are present in your lawn, toadstools, mushrooms or puffballs of various shapes and sizes will seem to sprout up overnight after wet weather. The growth of mushrooms in the lawn often appears as a circular shape. This is because fungi grow from a central point outward. Each year as the fungus grows, the circle expands.Boletus bicolor: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. Aseroe rubra: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. Amanita pantherina: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. Amanita muscaria: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. Agaricus campestris: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. List of red mushrooms with descriptions, photos and other interesting information.Lion's Mane mushrooms are easily recognizable due to their icicle-like teeth hanging from a central stalk. When young, they are light pale yellow, even white, and as they mature, they turn brownish-yellow. The mushroom's texture is soft and delicate, and it has a sweet and nutty flavor.A highly sought-after top edible mushroom, Chicken of the woods is excellent for beginner foragers. There are no real lookalikes, and the bright orange shelf-like growth makes it easy to see. Finding Chicken of the woods ( Laetiporus sp.) is known to inspire wild chicken dances in the middle of the forest.Toxicity: Non-toxic. Frost's Bolete, or the Apple Bolete, is a species of fungi found in Northern and Central America, Mexico, and Costa Rica. It is easily identified by its shiny dark-red cap and deeply netted red stem. The cap starts out rounded but flattens out as the mushroom ages.

Masajista adomicilio.

Wood ears are also known as Judas's ear or Jew's ear - this is a reference to Judas Iscariot. The folklore around the mushrooms say that the fungi are Judas' returned spirit, a reminder of his suicide by hanging (strangulation) on an elder tree. And that the fungi being medicinal for sore throats is not a coincidence.Chanterelles are golden-colored mushrooms that are a favorite of chefs and foragers in South Carolina, and you can find several species of them in the state. These types of mushrooms have a trumpet-like shape with gill-like ridges on the underside of the fungi. They have a fruit aroma with a light nutty flavor. 2. Oyster Mushrooms.Mushroom Foraging Course: Learn to Identify Edible Mushrooms in the Wild; Cooking with Mushrooms. Mushrooms are a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of dishes, from soups and stews to pasta and risotto. They have an earthy, nutty flavour and a meaty texture that makes them a great substitute for meat in vegetarian and vegan dishes.In mushroom identification there's one particularly interesting technique worth giving special mention to. Mushroom spores come in many different colors, and the color remains constant within the species! There are white spores, black, brown, rusty, smoky-gray, salmon, pink, and even yellowish and greenish spores! ...

Getting Started: How To Identify Mushrooms. All great things take time! Learn the basics of mushroom identification so you can forage confidently. Anyone can learn these techniques, all it takes is a little time and dedication to the process. British wild mushroom and fungi guide: how to identify and where to find - Countryfile.com. BBC Countryfile's expert guide on how to identify and where to pick the most common fungi and wild mushrooms found in the UK.5. Help fight cancer. Because of its unique ingredients, lion's mane mushrooms may help fight off cancer cells and slow the spread of certain types of cancer, at least according to some non ...12 Mushrooms in Illinois. From the oyster mushroom to the false morel, there are many mushrooms with diverse appearances, flavors, and habitats found throughout the state of Illinois. This helpful list highlights twelve such species, including their unique features and whether they are edible or poisonous. 1. Oyster mushroom.Identifying Wild Mushrooms: Caps and Stipes. Mushroom Identification Pictures and Examples. Wild Mushroom Identification and Habitat (Trees, Soil, Environment) As …The Chicken of the Woods identification characteristics make it easy to identify and distinguish from it’s poisonous look alike. Chicken of the woods mushroom is a member of the laetiporus genus and 3 most common wild edible species are: 1) Laetiporus Sulphureus. 2) Laetiporus Cincinnatus. 3) Laetiporus Conifericola.Here's what you can expect: • Insightful information you need to identify over 450 species of fungi from all around the world • Clear photographs of each kind of mushroom and its cross-sections are accompanied by annotations and descriptions, along with scale illustrations and identification charts • Learn about the different anatomical ...The kit includes an illustrated Mushroom Field Guide, a Pocket Magnifying Glass for detailed inspections, Sterile Swabs for clean spore collection, and Simple Identification Tests for quick species determination. Discover the magic of mushrooms and delve into the fungal kingdom with MycoSense. Assess the potency of psilocybin with the rapid ...The Best Mushroom Identification Books BY Region. Kids of any age can use these foraging and identification books to figure out what they've found in the woods or back yard. They're all fun to flip through and look at all the incredible diversity. Make sure you get the books that will be most helpful for your child by choosing the ...

To identify porcini mushrooms, one should look for the following characteristics: Cap: The cap of porcini mushrooms is usually brown or reddish-brown in color and can range from 2 to 10 inches in diameter. It is convex when young and becomes more flat as it matures. The surface is dry and often has a slightly scaly texture.

Gregarious or cespitous. Saprotrophic in mushroom houses, pastures, on rich and smoky soils, composts, gardens, lawns, vacant lots, heaps of plant and tree litter, also often in forests. Mid-May to October. Agaricus bisporus is highly prevalent due to its widespread cultivation and popularity as a food source.The shrimp of the woods ( Entoloma abortivum) is a fascinating edible species most common east of the Rocky Mountains. The mushroom that foragers harvest is actually a combination of two species. Shrimp of the woods fungi parasitize the honey mushroom to form an odd, lumpy, white mass that is prized as a culinary treat.In mushroom identification there's one particularly interesting technique worth giving special mention to. Mushroom spores come in many different colors, and the color remains constant within the species! There are white spores, black, brown, rusty, smoky-gray, salmon, pink, and even yellowish and greenish spores! ...This is a photo-journal of mushrooms found in the State of Indiana, USA; primarily Brown, Greene, Jackson, Morgan, Monroe and Owen counties in South-central Indiana. These mushrooms are widely distributed and can be found throughout the Midwest and. Northeast North America. My hope is to show the diversity of fungal forms, coloration and habitat.The caps of yellow oysters are bright yellow to a golden brown. They have a dry, velvety surface and thin flesh and range from 3/4″-2 1/2″ in diameter. Yellow oyster caps are slightly indented in the center when young. As the mushrooms mature, they develop more of an indent which gives them a funnel-like shape.Thus, true Puffballs are edible only when picked young. The Giant Puffball Mushroom derived its name from looking like a huge ball that puffs a spore cloud. 1.1. Etymology. Its scientific name Calvatia gigantea derives from the Latin word calvus meaning "bald," and gigantea meaning "like that of the giants.". 1.2.A good mushroom field guide or identification book will include a dichotomous key or at minimum a complete set of descriptive characteristics for each mushroom presented. More Help . You will find some recommended mushroom identification books and online resources on the CMS Links Page.One of the most prized mushroom of the Pacific Northwest are the horse mushrooms. This highly sought after mushroom can be identified by: Identification: The horse mushroom is a large, white, fleshy fungus that grows in scattered clusters on the ground in meadows. The cap is 2.8-7.9 inches in diameter with pink gills underneath.

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A word of caution: do not rely solely on the appearance of a mushroom for identification. Some poisonous mushrooms closely resemble edible species, and even experienced foragers can occasionally make mistakes. It is always best to consult a reputable field guide or expert when in doubt. Or both. Or many.Identification of mushrooms and other fungi is the most crucial part of mycology. Using an identification guide, the internet, or with the help of fellow mushroom enthusiasts is encouraged. 1. Take close up pictures (let the mushrooms fill the screen, and use shade to smooth the lighting) of all aspects, and life stages of the mushroom before ...We are an organization that encourages the research, education, cultivation, hunting, identification and the cooking of mushrooms. With over 2,400 members, PSMS is one of the largest mycological societies in the country. We share our knowledge about mushrooms through meetings, classes, workshops and field trips.Identification. Cap. The cap of the splitgill mushroom is quite small, typically ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 inches in diameter. Its shape varies from fan-shaped when attached laterally to decaying wood to saucer-shaped when centrally attached. The flesh is dense and sturdy, with a sponge-like texture.750g chopped chicken of the woods mushrooms. Heat the oil in a large saucepan over a medium-high heat. Add the onion, chilli (whole) and ginger and cook for 5 mins until the onions to soften. Add the mushrooms, increase the heat to high and cook for 10 mins until tender and golden, stirring frequently.Mushroom Identify—Automatic: This is another option that allows you to take a pic in the wild and let the app identify the mushroom for you. It includes more than 900 species and lists look ...Mushroom poisoning. California Poison Control Systems; American Association of Poison Control Centers; Books on wild mushroom identification. The Complete Mushroom Book: The Quiet Hunt by award-winning Italian chef Antonio Carluccio, who has been gathering, cooking and creating recipes for mushrooms for six decades. Particularly helpful is the ... The only mushroom app you'll ever need. ShroomID helps you identify mushrooms. The best mushroom identification app. Get AI predictions, human predictions, endless species data, and more! The crust derives its nutrition from the host and releases its own spores, while the host mushroom cannot produce spores at all—but the mycelium that produced the mushroom isn't harmed and can produce more mushrooms. It's difficult to identify the host species under the crust, but it's usually Russula brevipes, an edible but boring ...What types of mushrooms grow on trees? They go by many names such as polypore mushrooms, bracket mushrooms or shelf mushrooms. Generally the group gets categorized into the larger mushroom order Polyporales. Knowing a little bit about basic shelf mushroom identification fills a variety of utilitarian purposes. Some, but not many species, are ...This is the standard, classic, black morel. It is the only black morel in most places, making it easy to identify. Region: East of the Rocky Mountains; prolific. Season: March-May. Habitat: Hardwood trees – ash, apple, cherry, and tulip. Size: Stem – ¾-3 inches tall; Cap – 1-3 inches high and ¾-2 inches wide. ….

MST Mushroom Identification Key. This dichotomous key was developed by MST member Antonio Cillero Rodrigo in 2020. To use a dichotomous key, follow the choices from #1 to the next choice which matches the characteristic you're trying to identify, and stop when you reach a genus. Links in the PDF lead to mushroomexpert.com.Screenshots. Champignouf allows you to identify automatically the species of a mushroom from a picture. Take a photo or upload directly from your gallery, and get an answer instantly ! Also included is a list of the most common edible mushrooms. For now it recognises more than 900 types of mushrooms. You can also save on a map the place where ...However, if you are trying to identify a mushroom, such a taxonomical arrangement is not likely to help much, unless you have access to a microscope and, in many cases, a DNA laboratory. For this reason the identification keys at this site are based on features that amateur mushroomers can observe. 1.The cap on this yellowfoot mushroom is bright orange to orange-yellow but fades with age to become dull yellow. Caps are 0.5-1.25 inches wide, and the hollow bright orange stem is 0.75-2.25 inches long. The false gills are pronounced, blunt, and pale yellow to pale gray. They usually develop a pinkish tint with age.Schott says a common tip is to look for dead ash or elm trees to find morels. In Ohio, many state parks permit mushroom hunting, according to ODNR, however, …Matsutake mushroom identification is a rewarding skill that opens up the world of foraging and culinary exploration. By paying close attention to habitat, appearance, and aroma, and by cautiously distinguishing Matsutake from its look-alikes, foragers can safely enjoy the hunt for these elusive mushrooms.Welcome to ShroomID! The best mushroom hunting app available. Research thousands of species. ShroomID gives you the data you need on any type of mushroom. Filter …Jan 19, 2020 · Foraging for mushrooms can be a challenging but ultimately enjoyable and rewarding experience. It’s a great way to reconnect with nature too. But, be sure to do a bit of research beforehand or pack a good field guide. Doing so will help you know what to look for and where, and make your outing that much safer and more successful. Mushroom identification, Enokitake Mushroom. Enokitake, or enoki, mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes) are long and thin mushrooms with miniature caps and a long stem. They're white, cream or sometimes golden in color. If you can find enoki mushrooms, look for a firm and dry stem and clean caps. Avoid enoki mushrooms that are limp or wet., How to Identify Oyster Mushrooms. Common oyster mushrooms are known scientifically as Pleurotus ostreatus. They are named for their oyster-like shape, though in my experience, this is not enough to make a positive identification. We need to get up close and personal to tell the pearls from the plastics. That starts with appearance, but factors ..., In this article, we will discuss the key features that can help you identify shiitake mushrooms with confidence. Shiitake mushrooms are native to East Asia and are known for their distinctive umbrella-shaped caps and white gills. They have a light to dark brown cap that ranges from 5 to 15 cm in diameter. The cap edges roll down and inwards ..., Whether you're an amateur or professional mushroom hunter, this app is designed to help you identify and learn about the diverse range of wild mushrooms. With a comprehensive database of species and their unique characteristics, the ShroomID app makes it easy to identify mushrooms in the field. Simply take a picture of the mushroom and the app ..., Russula mushrooms have caps that start out convex (rounded). As they mature, the caps open up and flatten out. At full to past maturity, the cap edges may flare upwards, like wings, and show off their gills. The cap diameter ranges from as small as 1 inch to as large as 6 inches or more., Other easy-to-identify Florida mushrooms include mushrooms from the Boletaceae family such as the King Boletus or Porcini mushroom. As a common edible mushroom, these mushrooms have a mildly nutty taste, grow in the early fall or spring and show up in fir, spruce or pine forests. Tops are medium-to-large sized with a brownish-red, brown or tan ..., British wild mushroom and fungi guide: how to identify and where to find - Countryfile.com. BBC Countryfile's expert guide on how to identify and where to pick the most common fungi and wild mushrooms found in the UK., Star earthballs often are partially buried and usually have soil and debris attached to them when picked. Size: 3-5.25 inches wide. Notes: These earthball fungi are the bane of many a homeowner. The large, tough bodies hinder (and sometimes destroy) lawnmower blades and cause ugly black patches on the lawn., Wild Mushroom Identification. by Katie March 6, 2023. By Chris Swinson, a Michigan State certified wild mushroom expert and owner of Mycophile's Garden Mushroom Farm, with years of experience buying, selling and hunting for wild mushrooms. I'm thrilled to present these classes on wild mushroom identification for the Kent District Library., Haymaker Mushroom (Panaeolus foenisecii) Specifications: The Haymaker Mushroom has a Brown cap, white spores, thin, small brown stalks, and brown gills. This type of mushroom grows from spring to early winter in Alabama and the United States. It can also be found throughout the Northern Hemisphere of the world., Turkey Tail Mushroom Identification Video. This video shows the various features of true turkey tail mushroom. It gets up close and personal with this mushroom to show you the fine velvety texture, its concentric bands of colors, and how pliable the mushroom should be. foragedfoodie. When identifying #turkeytailmushrooms, aka #trametes # ..., Super rich database. Get access to a huge growing database of mushrooms and get everything you want to know about mushrooms. Picture Mushroom: Identify mushrooms with a snap, Simply take or upload a photo of any mushroom, and get accurate ID results within seconds, Super rich database., COMMON EDIBLE MUSHROOMS OF ALABAMA. Here we'll detail some of the more common and fairly easy to identify edible mushrooms of Alabama and the Southeast. While this list is nowhere near exhaustive, we will be avoiding those edible mushrooms that aren't known for being good, grow in insufficient number for a meal, or are easily mistaken for a ..., This is a key identification feature. The pores under the cap are white when young but turn yellow and then brown as the mushroom ages. King bolete flesh is white and it does not change color when cut. The cap and stems don't usually bruise, but might turn a very light red or brown. Light brown to dark brown cap., The primary data is based on a total of 236 mushroom species from the third edition of the identification book Mushrooms and Toadstools from 2013 3. Due to some species having either no cap, or ..., 3 - ShroomID on iOS and Android. With a commendable 4.7 rating on the App Store and a 4.3 score on Google Play, ShroomID is certainly among the best mushroom identification apps available to keen foragers. It features handy capabilities including blooming calendars, but the most striking is its photo identification function. , Erin Patterson, the woman accused of murdering and attempting to murder her relatives by serving them a meal laced with deadly mushrooms, may spend 15 months …, Preheat the oven to 400°F (200°C). Slice the lion's mane mushrooms into thick slices. Toss the mushroom slices with olive oil, salt, pepper, and garlic powder in a bowl. Arrange the seasoned mushroom slices on a baking sheet. Bake for 15 mins. Serve hot as a side dish or use them in your favorite recipes., One valuable resource for mushroom identification is the Mushroom Observer, which features a database of user-submitted photos and descriptions of mushrooms from around the world. You can also consult field guides, such as the National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms, which includes detailed information and photos of ..., I usually dry old or large mushrooms. To dry them, I put the mushrooms in a dehydrator at 145F and leave overnight until crisp. They'll keep for years after dehydrating. $200/lb for dried morels is common. After the mushrooms are dried, they can be reconstituted by covering with cold water, stock or milk., It’s easier if you start out with a few simpler species and focus on identifying them 100%. The best ones to start with are chicken of the woods, oyster mushrooms, lion’s mane, hedgehogs, and puffballs. These guides will also help you get started on your foraging journey: Mushroom Foraging 101; Mushroom Identification Pictures and …, You can search the mushroom database here based on the name or some property of the mushroom. Please enter the data in the text box below in order to perform the search. TIP: Enter only a part of the name and all mushrooms with a name that contain the search string are displayed. Try for example with "Boletus" and mushrooms in the boletus …, Field mushrooms (Agaricus campestris) are a delightful and flavoursome variety of mushrooms that can be found in abundance throughout the UK. Known for their delicious taste and versatility in recipes, field mushrooms have been a popular choice for mushroom enthusiasts and foragers alike. In this post, we will delve into the …, Boletus bicolor: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. Aseroe rubra: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. Amanita pantherina: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. Amanita muscaria: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. Agaricus campestris: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. List of red mushrooms with descriptions, photos and other interesting information., It also helps to know if the mushroom is growing in association with specific plants; in a lawn, on rotting logs, mulch etc. There are several other tests commonly used to gather important clues. Spore prints are made by placing the cap of a mushroom on paper and leaving it sit overnight. The tiny spores fall out of the mushrooms onto the paper ..., Deadly Galerina Mushroom (Galerina marginata) Specifications: The Funeral Bell Mushroom has a honey yellow and brown cap, brown spores, tall and thick brown stems, cream gills. This type of mushroom grows from summer to fall in the United States, Ireland, and Britain. The Funeral Bell Mushroom can be found in yards in New York and the United ..., The late fall oyster mushroom earns its common name by being one of the last edible mushrooms to appear. Its arrival is a sign winter is on the way, and the fungi world is slowing down. The late fall oyster is widespread across North America but is predominantly found in northern or mountainous regions. This wild mushroom with the …, It's easy to accidentally gather the wrong mushrooms, with devastating (or even deadly) consequences. When in doubt, throw the mushrooms out. IDENTIFY NEW PLANTS WITH PLANTSNAP. It's best to learn about mushroom hunting and identification from an expert (or at least a detailed mushroom guidebook)., Only eat wild mushrooms if you are a 100% confident of your mushroom identification and if it is a well-known edible species. If you have even the slightest doubt regarding a mushroom's identity, do not eat it! Figure 2. Amanita mushrooms. The cap, ring, and swollen cup are visible, which are important for identification. ..., British wild mushroom and fungi guide: how to identify and where to find - Countryfile.com. BBC Countryfile's expert guide on how to identify and where to pick the most common fungi and wild mushrooms found in the UK., Jack-o'-lantern Mushroom Identification. Although several species of mushrooms in the genus Omphalotus are commonly referred to as "jack-o'-lanterns" and may have some slight differences, they also possess some common features that can help you recognize these fungi. One thing you need to know is their growth habit., You can search the mushroom database here based on the name or some property of the mushroom. Please enter the data in the text box below in order to perform the search. TIP: Enter only a part of the name and all mushrooms with a name that contain the search string are displayed. Try for example with "Boletus" and mushrooms in the boletus genus ..., The Morphing Mushroom Identifier (MMI) is an innovative identification tool which gives you: - an interactive mushroom key that models your fungus on screen as you enter the characters. - a transparent analysis of the entered characters by the MycoKey 3.0 database. - an automatic presentation of the most likely species.