Contagion in networks

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The development of chickenpox can be traced to 17th century Europe. Along with a number of other contagions, it migrated to the Western Hemisphere in what has been called the Columbian Exchange.networks.5 The dynamics of conflict and contagion on the CP-star yield extremal outcomes: either (almost) all nodes survive and remain connected or all nodes are captured. Consider next a network with two equally defended hub nodes and an equal number of periphery nodes linked to either hub.Two algorithms for computing the contagion threshold are presented. • Contagion thresholds of connected sets of nodes in a tree are completely determined. • Bounds for contagion thresholds of nodes in a general network are established. • Having more than six friends may make you more contagious than your locally dominating friend. •Many behavioral phenomena have been found to spread interpersonally through social networks, in a manner similar to infectious diseases. An important difference between social contagion and traditional infectious diseases, however, is that behavioral phenomena can be acquired by non-social mechanisms as well as through social transmission.At that time, an individual’s sentiment contagion system will deviate from the balanced condition under the combined action, and the individuals in the system will go to extremes. 3. Numerical simulation in complex networks. In this section, by simulation we discuss some characteristics of our novel model.At that time, an individual’s sentiment contagion system will deviate from the balanced condition under the combined action, and the individuals in the system will go to extremes. 3. Numerical simulation in complex networks. In this section, by simulation we discuss some characteristics of our novel model.

Another approach is based on contagion through common asset holdings and includes the work of Allen et al. (2012) and Caccioli et al. (2012). There is also a large literature on simulation models of contagion in interbank networks; for a recent survey, see Summer (2013). Our approach differs from earlier work by providing explicit expressions ...in the network theory literature, and then consider empirical studies that investigate the relationship between centrality measures and the inherent vulnerability of the network to contagion. We argue that thus far the empirical work has not produced a compelling link between traditional network measures and financial stability.We propose copula-based contagion measures that capture the non-linearity in a network setting and account for dependence structure of the whole network. We highlight the extensive cross-sectional coverage of countries in this paper as we use data for 60 countries’ stock market indices (30 advanced and 30 emerging economies).Our work on social networks and human behavior thus covers several domains and relies on diverse data and approaches. It builds on prior research on ‘peer effects’ and interpersonal influence by examining data in which individuals are embedded in networks much larger than two people. We summarize this work and describe critiques, extensions ...Using these algorithms, we study the spread of contagion in scale-free networks with 1,000 players using millions of Monte Carlo simulations. Our analysis …Jul 30, 2014 · Our article contributes to this literature by developing a general framework for the study of optimal network design and defence in a setting with strategic conflict and contagion dynamics. The analysis of this framework yields results on optimality of CP-star and multi-hub networks that are new. Network resources refer to forms of data, information and hardware devices that can be accessed by a group of computers through the use of a shared connection. These types of resources are also known as shared resources.

Explosive contagion in SIS epidemics. The evolution of the spreading process depends both on transmission rates and dynamical rules imposed. For concreteness, we start the analysis by employing the exponential synergistic transmission rates (2) for contagion dynamics given by the rules of the SIS epidemic model applied to …Fig. 1. Simplicial contagion model (SCM). The underlying structure of a social system is made of simplices, representing d-dimensional group interactions ( a ), organized in a simplicial complex ...a multiplex network [14–23]. Although many studies have dealt with social contagion and information spreading on so-cial networks, they all consider the case in which transmission occurs along the contacts of a simplex, i.e., single-layer,sys-tem. Here we aim at filling this existing gap. The dynamics of this kind of processes can be modeled us-Xiong et al. (2018) proposed an emotional independent cascade model in which individual emotion can affect the subsequent emotion of his/her friends aiming to show the detailed process and characteristics of emotional contagion within social media (Xiong et al., 2018). Most of the personality prediction employs Linguistic Inquiry and Word …Contagion in online social networks (OSN) occurs when users are exposed to information disseminated by other users. Studies of contagion are largely devoted to the spread of viral information and to local neighbor-to-neighbor contagion. However, many contagion events can be non-viral in the sense of being unpopular with low reach size, or global in the sense of being exposed to non-adjacent ...

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Monitoring and controlling financial contagion in banking systems is a challenging task, and micro-structural network contagion models are becoming …properties of network flows to investigate the relation between the structures of a financial network-i.e. the size and the pattern of obligations - and its exposure to default contagion. Key words: systemic risk, financial contagion, financial networks, flow networks. JEL classification: C63, G01, G33… Mario Eboli Università "G. d'Annunzio"Contagion in close-knit financial networks. In 2011, Nature published a short discussion piece in which the Executive Director of Financial Stability in the Bank of England, Andrew G. Haldane, and Professor of Zoology at Oxford University, Robert M. May, proclaimed the systemic failure of the financial sector during the 2008 global financial crisis could be described and explained via …Studying contagion risk in financial networks is very important for the stability of financial systems. But most models of financial networks often suffer from their very own problems. Many financial network models do not include interbank networks or inter-firm networks [8], [11], [13], [29], [33]. The study of Delli Gatti et al. [12] includes ...heterogeneous networks are found to be more resilient to contagion. The impact of connectivity is more controversial: in well-capitalized networks, increasing con-nectivity improves the resilience to contagion when the initial level of connectivity is high, but increases contagion when the initial level of connectivity is low. In

In this paper, we study an interesting problem of emotion contagion in social networks. In particular, by employing an image social network (Flickr) as the basis of our study, we try to unveil how users' emotional statuses influence each other and how users' positions in the social network affect their influential strength on emotion. We ...There are actually some ways that social networking can help your career. Visit HowStuffWorks to find 5 ways social networking can help your career. Advertisement You may have heard the old adage: "It's all about who you know." This stateme...Understanding the emotional contagion process in the crowd will help to take measures in advance to avoid the large-scale spread of negative emotions in emergencies and reduce the loss of lives and properties. Studying the phase transition phenomenon is fundamental to analyzing and evaluating the crowd emotional …Luitgard A. M. Veraart. We develop a new model for solvency contagion that can be used to quantify systemic risk in stress tests of financial networks. In contrast to many existing models, it ...Explosive Contagion in Networks | Scientific Reports The spread of social phenomena such as behaviors, ideas or products is an ubiquitous but remarkably complex phenomenon.In terms of Internet speed, most people agree that faster is always better. If you’re wondering what your network speed is, there are speed tests available on the Internet that enable you to test and measure the speed of your connection.Abstract. Models of spreading processes in networks can help to provide insights into phenomena such as epidemic outbreaks, opinion formation, and failure propagation. Many contagion models are based on the idea that spreading occurs from an “infected” source to “non-infected” components, which may recover.Abstract. We study the formation of networks in environments where agents derive benefits from their neighbours (immediate links) but suffer losses through contagion when any agent on a path that connects them is hit by a shock. We first consider networks with undirected links (e.g. epidemics, underground resistance organizations, trade networks).1080i HDTV. (downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed) Official website. htv .com .vn. Replaced. Vietnam Television Network (1966-75) Ho Chi Minh City Television ( HTV; Vietnamese: Đài Truyền hình Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh) is a Vietnamese television network owned by the People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City .properties of network flows to investigate the relation between the structures of a financial network-i.e. the size and the pattern of obligations - and its exposure to default contagion. Key words: systemic risk, financial contagion, financial networks, flow networks. JEL classification: C63, G01, G33… Mario Eboli Università "G. d'Annunzio"Contagions and homophilous diffusion are both typified by correlations between network structure and individual outcomes over time ( 1 – 3, 5 – 11, 17, 21, 22 ). Two empirical patterns have been used to substantiate claims of peer influence and contagion in networks ( i) assortative mixing —correlations of behaviors among linked …

We explore how the probability and potential impact of contagion is influenced by aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks, changes in network structure and asset market liquidity. Our findings suggest that financial systems exhibit a robust-yet-fragile tendency: while the probability of contagion may be low, the effects can be extremely widespread ...

Complex networks represent the natural backbone to study epidemic processes in populations of interacting individuals. Such a modeling framework, however, is naturally limited to pairwise interactions, making it less suitable to properly describe social contagion, where individuals acquire new norms or ideas after simultaneous exposure to multiple sources of infections.At that time, an individual’s sentiment contagion system will deviate from the balanced condition under the combined action, and the individuals in the system will go to extremes. 3. Numerical simulation in complex networks. In this section, by simulation we discuss some characteristics of our novel model.By investigating the dynamics of systemic risk contagion across networks, we extend the DebtRank model to a three-layer network. The empirical results suggest that the multilayer structure of the banking system has a non-linear superimposed effect on systemic losses, with interbank lending and holdings common asset being the main …We develop a theoretical framework for the study of epidemiclike social contagion in large scale social systems. We consider the most general setting in which different communication platforms or categories form multiplex networks. Specifically, we propose a contact-based information spreading model, and show that the critical point of the multiplex system associated with the active phase is ...Biological disasters are outbreaks of diseases or contagions of plant and animal life on an epidemic or pandemic level or infestations of animal or insect life on an epidemic or pandemic level. Examples of biological disasters include chole...We measure the emotional valence of content the users are exposed to before posting their own tweets. We determine that on average a negative post follows an over-exposure to 4.34% more negative ...Correlation-based networks models that combine financial networks with contagion models emerge from the dependence structure among market prices, and links can be related to Granger causality (Billio et al. 2012; Diebold and Yılmaz 2014) or to pairwise correlations between returns (Tumminello et al. 2010). Some other works have focused on ...

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Correlation-based networks models that combine financial networks with contagion models emerge from the dependence structure among market prices, and links can be related to Granger causality (Billio et al. 2012; Diebold and Yılmaz 2014) or to pairwise correlations between returns (Tumminello et al. 2010). Some other works have focused on ...Abstract. This paper studies intertemporal asset pricing in network economies when distress shocks can propagate through the network, similarly to epidemic outbreaks. Two classes of equilibria exist. In the first, idiosyncratic shocks are diversifiable and do not affect valuations; the consumption capital asset pricing model applies.To avoid these limits, this paper analyzes contagion risk in endogenous financial networks, which includes interbank networks, inter-firm networks and bank-firm networks. Closest to our work is Delli Gatti et al. [12]. However, our paper is different from theirs in network formation. The network formation in this paper is endogenous, while that ...This paper proposes a model of network interactions in the interbank market. Our innovation is to model systemic risk in the interbank network as the propagation of incentives or strategic behavior rather than the propagation of losses after default. Transmission in our model is not based on default. Instead, we explain bank profitability …The purpose of this study is to examine network learning through the application of contagion theories. The transmission of knowledge, sharing of resources, and facilitation of learning through contagion has interested both business-to-business and economic geography researchers. This study responds to calls in both research traditions for ...We develop a theoretical framework for the study of epidemiclike social contagion in large scale social systems. We consider the most general setting in which different communication platforms or categories form multiplex networks. Specifically, we propose a contact-based information spreading model, and show that the critical point of the multiplex system associated with the active phase is ...Abstract. We study how opinion leadership and social contagion within social networks affect the adoption of a new product. In contrast to earlier studies, we find evidence of contagion operating over network ties, even after controlling for marketing effort and arbitrary systemwide changes. More importantly, we also find that the amount of ...networks.5 The dynamics of conflict and contagion on the CP-star yield extremal outcomes: either (almost) all nodes survive and remain connected or all nodes are captured. Consider next a network with two equally defended hub nodes and an equal number of periphery nodes linked to either hub.Section 3.1 illustrates how the resilience measure allows us to quantify and predict the outcome of contagion on one sample network generated from a random network model that mimics the properties of a real interbank exposure network analyzed in Cont et al. . We observe that networks with the same average connectivity may amplify initial shocks ...Explosive contagion in SIS epidemics. The evolution of the spreading process depends both on transmission rates and dynamical rules imposed. For concreteness, we start the analysis by employing the exponential synergistic transmission rates (2) for contagion dynamics given by the rules of the SIS epidemic model applied to a population of N individuals.Abstract. We study the formation of networks in environments where agents derive benefits from their neighbours (immediate links) but suffer losses through contagion when any agent on a path that ...In our model, we consider the coevolution of two spreading processes on a weighted multiplex network (see Fig. 2).The first is the process of social contagion spreading, S h IR, which is a SIR ... ….

In this paper, we use the financial network contagion model of Gai P. and Kapadia S. [Contagion in financial networks, Proc. R. Soc.A466 (2010) 2401–2423] to investigatethe interaction of several types of heterogeneity found in real world banking systems. The first source of heterogeneity originates in the distribution of assets across banks in the …Social networks have changed the way how people communicate with each other dramatically. The study on information dissemination in social networks has attracted considerable attention. Many evidences show that emotionsof netizens are likely to spread with information and the emotional contagion also affect information dissemination in social networks. In this paper, we propose a cognitive ...Contagion in Financial Networks by Paul Glasserman and H. Peyton Young. Published in volume 54, issue 3, pages 779-831 of Journal of Economic …Business networking is a great way to get ahead professionally. Visit HowStuffWorks to learn all about business networking. Advertisement There's so much buzz about business networking that you might think that it's modern man's greatest in..."Contagion in Financial Networks," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 54(3), pages 779-831, September. Glasserman, Paul & Young, H. Peyton, 2016. " Contagion in financial networks ," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 68681, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.Distinguishing influence-based contagion from homophily-driven diffusion in dynamic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 106 (51) , 21544 – 21549 . CrossRef Google Scholar PubMedFinancial networks and the contagion of bank failures ha ve been widely studied beginning with. the seminal work on financial payment networks by Eisenberg & Noe [14]. The 2007-2009.Complex contagion, where “network effects,” appear to play a significant role in the contagion process, may to a large extent be due to the combined factors of visibility and direct social ... Contagion in networks, Here we extend simplicial contagion to time-varying networks, where pairwise and higher-order simplices can be created or destroyed over time. By following a microscopic Markov chain approach, we ..., We estimated these contagion effects by combining daily global weather data, which creates exogenous variation in running among friends, with data on the network ties and daily exercise patterns ..., Table 1. Four different models and corresponding algorithms describe influence or information spreading in social networks. Alg-cc and Sim-sc, indicated by the green colour, are basic models for describing complex contagion and simple contagion processes, respectively. Alg-cc is based on an analytical mathematical expression., Happiness and other emotions spread between people in direct contact, but it is unclear whether massive online social networks also contribute to this spread. Here, we elaborate a novel method for measuring the contagion of emotional expression. With data from millions of Facebook users, we show that rainfall directly influences the emotional content of their status messages, and it also ..., Introduction. The aim of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the literature on financial contagion in networks. We aim to do this by focusing on a limited number of papers in some formal detail, trying to illustrate their analogies and differences as much as possible within a common framework. We divide the discussion in two parts., Fig. 1. Simplicial contagion model (SCM). The underlying structure of a social system is made of simplices, representing d-dimensional group interactions ( a ), organized in a simplicial complex ..., Social Contagion is defined as the spread of behaviors, attitudes, and affect through crowds and other types of social aggregates from one member to another. Adolescents are prone to social contagion because they may be especially susceptible to peer influence and social media. In this article, we provide a brief review of the most recent ..., Abstract. The vast majority of strategies aimed at controlling contagion processes on networks consider a timescale separation between the evolution of the …, This paper develops an analytical model of contagion in financial networks with arbitrary structure. We explore how the probability and potential impact of contagion is influenced by aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks, changes in network structure and …, Here we extend simplicial contagion to time-varying networks, where pairwise and higher-order simplices can be created or destroyed over time. By following a microscopic Markov chain approach, we ..., Abstract. Models of spreading processes in networks can help to provide insights into phenomena such as epidemic outbreaks, opinion formation, and failure propagation. Many contagion models are based on the idea that spreading occurs from an “infected” source to “non-infected” components, which may recover., Using a case study of a newly emerging CSA, the role of social contagion in network evolution will be assessed. The merit of this research stems from its central task of …, Complex networks represent the natural backbone to study epidemic processes in populations of interacting individuals. Such a modeling framework, …, "Contagion in Financial Networks," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 54(3), pages 779-831, September. Glasserman, Paul & Young, H. Peyton, 2016. " Contagion in financial networks ," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 68681, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library., We estimated these contagion effects by combining daily global weather data, which creates exogenous variation in running among friends, with data on the network ties and daily exercise patterns ..., The study of contagion dynamics in multilayer networks has become a hot topic. Networks have the characteristics of community structure. In this work, we present a comprehensive epidemic spreading model in multilayer networks with community structure. We consider the effects of population mobility, natural mortality and natural birth rate on ..., Contagion in close-knit financial networks. In 2011, Nature published a short discussion piece in which the Executive Director of Financial Stability in the Bank of England, Andrew G. Haldane, and Professor of Zoology at Oxford University, Robert M. May, proclaimed the systemic failure of the financial sector during the 2008 global financial crisis could be described and explained via …, Abstract. People increasingly turn to online social networks for information and debate. This means that the structures and properties of these networks, and the information they propagate, play ..., We measure the emotional valence of content the users are exposed to before posting their own tweets. We determine that on average a negative post follows an over-exposure to 4.34% more negative ..., Social Contagion is defined as the spread of behaviors, attitudes, and affect through crowds and other types of social aggregates from one member to another. Adolescents are prone to social contagion because they may be especially susceptible to peer influence and social media. In this article, we provide a brief review of the most recent ..., This paper proposes a model of network interactions in the interbank market. Our innovation is to model systemic risk in the interbank network as the propagation of incentives or strategic behavior rather than the propagation of losses after default. Transmission in our model is not based on default. Instead, we explain bank profitability …, Here we are interested in studying the differences on the final contagion densities in networks with or without memory (Fig. 5.b main panel), all other parameters of the rumor spreading model ..., There are two types of contagion that have been studied on networks formed by financial links. The first type of contagion is caused by insolvencies and flows from …, Prediction of contagion dynamics is of relevance for epidemic and social complex networks. Murphy et al. propose a data-driven approach based on deep learning which allows to learn mechanisms ..., At that time, an individual’s sentiment contagion system will deviate from the balanced condition under the combined action, and the individuals in the system will go to extremes. 3. Numerical simulation in complex networks. In this section, by simulation we discuss some characteristics of our novel model., Social networks have changed the way how people communicate with each other dramatically. The study on information dissemination in social networks has attracted considerable attention. Many evidences show that emotionsof netizens are likely to spread with information and the emotional contagion also affect information dissemination in social networks. In this paper, we propose a cognitive ..., In terms of Internet speed, most people agree that faster is always better. If you’re wondering what your network speed is, there are speed tests available on the Internet that enable you to test and measure the speed of your connection., Abstract. This contribution studies the effects of credit contagion on the credit risk of a portfolio of bank loans. To this aim we introduce a model that takes into account the counterparty risk in a network of interdependent firms that describes the presence of business relations among different firms. The location of the firms is simulated ..., A great network makes all the difference between a successful consulting career and a stagnant one. Learn why networking is crucial and how to do it best. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs are your number-one source ..., Abstract. Models of spreading processes in networks can help to provide insights into phenomena such as epidemic outbreaks, opinion formation, and failure propagation. Many contagion models are based on the idea that spreading occurs from an “infected” source to “non-infected” components, which may recover., Multilayer networks represent systems in which there are several topological levels each one representing one kind of interaction or interdependency between the systems' elements. These networks have attracted a lot of attention recently because their study allows considering different dynamical modes concurrently., The Erdős and Rényi (1960) random graph model is a model in which has been extensively applied for the study of contagion in financial networks, e.g. in the contributions from Iori et al. , Nier et al. , Gai and Kapadia , May and Arinaminpathy and Amini et al. . A number of alternatives models have been recently developed that differ in …, Thus, with bankruptcy costs, the probability of contagion is at least ( 1 - ( 57 / 150)) q = 0.62 q, which is now greater than the probability of direct defaults through independent shocks. A similar comparison holds with truncated exponentially distributed shocks. This example illustrates how bankruptcy costs increase the probability of contagion.