Hydrocarbon saturation

Feb 1, 1974 · The Waxman-Smits physical model for describing conductivity in shaly sand has been extended to allow for oil-bearing sand, and the required assumptions have been confirmed by laboratory measurements. A conclusion from the tests is that the effective concentration of clay-exchange cations increases in proportion to the decrease in water saturation. The temperature coefficients of electrical ...

However, hydrocarbon saturation is hardly discussed. This paper presents a comparison of some saturation-height functions commonly used in the oil and gas industry leveraged as the regional approach preference to optimize hydrocarbon saturation assessment in the volumetric estimation of carbonate reservoir in Central Luconia.Generally, the term ‘saturated hydrocarbon’ is used to refer to alkanes – acyclic hydrocarbons containing only sp 3 hybridized carbon atoms. The general formula of an alkane is C n H 2n+2. An illustration describing the structure of a propane molecule (C 3 H 8) is provided below. It can be observed that a propane molecule is ‘saturated ...Water saturation (S w) of a reservoir is a function of height above free water (h) and pore type. S w interpretations should be made accounting for h, r 35, and pore throat size distribution in the reservoir. The Archie equation is the most widely used method of determining S w. See also Determining water saturation Interpreting water saturationAccurate estimation of hydrocarbon saturation is significant for log interpreters to evaluate tight sandstone formations. It is difficult to use conventional …Remaining Hydrocarbon Saturation (Shr) was obtained by 34.5%, 31.8, 23%, 35.4% of the results of parameters measured in the flushed zone namely Rxo, Rmf and Sxo data.Calculating net-pay. The determination of net pay is a required input to calculate the hydrocarbon pore feet, F HCP, at a wellbore and its input to the overall reservoir original oil in place (OOIP) or original gas in place (OGIP) calculations.The total F HCP at a well is the point-by-point summation over the reservoir interval with Eq. 1.The …Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. This means that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded by single bonds only. The general formula for an alkane is CnH ...Hydrocarbon saturation is a vital petrophysical parameter in play evaluation and reserve estimation. However, it is difficult to calculate hydrocarbon saturation in unconventional shale plays due to variabilities in lithology, high clay content, presence of organic matter and pyrite, low porosity and complex wettability [7], [8].

The first model shows a low hydrocarbon saturation, whereas the second one exhibits much higher oil saturation, validated by production tests carried out in several intervals, and chromatographic ...Hydrocarbon saturation is an important petrophysical parameter in reservoir evaluation and reserve calculation. Dielectric dispersion logs have been widely used to estimate the hydrocarbon saturation, especially in high salinity shale formations. However, there is still room to improve the accuracy of interpretation of dielectric dispersion logs.Introduction The Bakken Petroleum System (BPS), one of the largest tight oil deposits in the world, is situated in the Williston Basin that covers parts of North and …Here, S w the water saturation, n the saturation exponent, R w the water resistivity, R t the hydrocarbon resistivity, a the tortuosity factor, φ the porosity and m the cementation factor. Archie (1950) also demonstrated that saturation in turn depends on a range of properties affecting reservoir quality, including porosity, permeability, capillary pressure and pore size distribution.The volume of reserves VR is the product of pore volume, hydrocarbon saturation Sh, and recovery factor RF. Writing pore volume as the product of porosity ϕ, area A, and net thickness h, VR is given by. (7.7.1) Porosity and saturation are usually obtained from well logs. The estimate of these parameters is often accompanied by the ...The saturation exponent usually is fixed to values close to 2. The saturation exponent models the dependency on the presence of non-conductive fluid (hydrocarbons) in the pore-space, and is related to the wettability of the rock. Water-wet rocks will, for low water saturation values, maintain a continuous film along the pore walls making the rock …In this study, we have assessed the petrographical and petrophysical characteristics of the progradational, syn-rift Middle Miocene Rahmi sandstone gas reservoir (Lower Kareem Formation) from the East Matr and Amal hydrocarbon fields, southern Gulf of Suez by integrating sidewall cores and wireline logs. We interpreted a reservoir gas …Mar 1, 2023 · The hydrocarbon volume in the reservoir within a few feet surrounding the well bore can only be represented by water saturation (Sw) calculated from log and core data interpretation. There are a few types of saturation height techniques that employ capillary pressure data from various depths to create saturation variation with respect to height ...

Archie [1] developed his famous equation to calculate, from well log parameters, the water saturation (S w) of the uninvaded zone in a formation next to a borehole. The Archie equation can be expressed as follows: where: S w = water saturation of the uninvaded zone. n = saturation exponent, which varies from 1.8 to 4.0 …The petrophysical parameters of the reservoirs evaluated indicate porosity, water-saturation and hydrocarbon-saturation values of X 2 to be 20.8%, 30.8% and 69.2%, respectively, and the average porosity, water saturation and hydrocarbon saturation of the Well-Y reservoirs to be 40.2%, 18.3% and 81.7%, respectively. The porosity value indicates ...5 years ago. hydrocarbons are a structurally diverse group of molecules, including fossil fuels, several kinds of plastic, and paraffin wax. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas burn readily, reacting with oxygen to release energy as the hydrocarbon molecules are broken apart, forming carbon dioxide and water. The results demonstrate that hydrocarbon saturation, which can significantly affect the resistivity of hydrocarbon-filled reservoirs, may change rapidly over short distances, Controlling factors include (1) oil density and viscosity, (2) reservoir quality and (3) the location of the reservoir relative to the transition zone associated with the ...This study focuses on hydrocarbon saturation, one of the key parameters in the volumetric assessment. A few saturation height function methods are tested on the studied field, integrated with the ...Water saturation assessment is recognized as one of the most critical aspects of formation evaluation, reserve estimation, and prediction of the production performance of any hydrocarbon reservoir. Water saturation measurement in a core laboratory is a time-consuming and expensive task. Many scientists have attempted to estimate water saturation accurately using well-logging data, which ...

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Aug 1, 2022 · Hydrocarbon saturation. In the current research for the estimation of hydrocarbon saturation (S hc), the subsequent equation has been utilized as described by Shepherd (2009). (6) S h c = 1 − S w. 3.6. Sonic-neutron crossplot. Neutron and sonic crossplots can also be used to differentiate between the ordinary reservoir rocks with ... Velocity variation with temperature for some reservoir rocks: The change in seismic velocities with temperature also depends on the saturation of rock. The results of Wang and Nur ( 1990 ) in heavy oil sands and hydrocarbon-saturated rocks show that both V P and V S decrease with increasing temperature.Apr 15, 2019 · According to this calculation, the hydrocarbon saturation values of the samples studies are within 25% and 52%. Two samples (L69-1B and L69-2) have relatively high hydrocarbon saturations (71% and 91%), which are consistent with saturation values of 75–83% obtained from well logs (Wang et al., 2013). Such high hydrocarbon saturation in Well ... Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. This means that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded by single bonds only. The general formula for an alkane is CnH ...

Apr 1, 2019 · Their average water saturation and hydrocarbon saturation of 12% and 80%, respectively, is an indication that Well X and Well Y sand reservoirs are charged with significant volumes of hydrocarbons predominantly oil and will produce water-free hydrocarbons. Feb 13, 2019 · Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species. They are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. The general formula for saturated hydrocarbons is C n H 2n+2 (assuming non-cyclic structures). Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and are found as either linear or ... As the pressure declines further, the saturation of liquid increases because of retrograde condensation. Because the saturation of liquid is low, only the vapor phase flows to producing wells. Thus, the overall composition of the fluid remaining in the reservoir changes continuously. ... The higher temperatures of deeper reservoirs alter the original …Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are the simplest class of hydrocarbons. They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. You can see an example of a saturated ...Microporosity can have a major impact on hydrocarbon volume because the capillary bound water in micropores can result in an over estimation of water saturation using Archie dependent calculations.Their average water saturation and hydrocarbon saturation of 12% and 80%, respectively, is an indication that Well X and Well Y sand reservoirs are charged with significant volumes of hydrocarbons predominantly oil and will produce water-free hydrocarbons.The matrix gas saturation model is established, based on the matrix property model. At well positions, the basis is hydrocarbon gas saturation, CO 2 saturation/condensate content from single-well clarification. Among wells, the constraints are gas-water distribution and the fluid constituent model.Similarly the average thickness and porosity of R1 and R2 for well B is about 18.0 meters and 0.12 while the hydrocarbon saturation varies between 0.7 - 0.8. The integration of seismic and well logs data has proved to be a useful tool in the reservoir analysis of hydrocarbon. Related Articles: Open Access Immunization Coverage in Selected …The results demonstrate that hydrocarbon saturation, which can significantly affect the resistivity of hydrocarbon-filled reservoirs, may change rapidly over short distances, Controlling factors include (1) oil density and viscosity, (2) reservoir quality and (3) the location of the reservoir relative to the transition zone associated with the ...To account for this, Blunt proposed to consider the combined trapping of hydrocarbon (oil and gas) by water. The amount of oil that is trapped is then given by the difference between the trapped hydrocarbon and the trapped gas saturations. The residual hydrocarbon saturation, \(S_{\mathrm{hr}}\), is found fromJul 9, 2015 · One such correlation that should be included in many volumetric models is that in a clastic, water-wet rock, water saturation and porosity are negatively correlated. In the volumetric formula, that relationship leads to a positive correlation between hydrocarbon saturation and porosity.

The matrix gas saturation model is established, based on the matrix property model. At well positions, the basis is hydrocarbon gas saturation, CO 2 saturation/condensate content from single-well clarification. Among wells, the constraints are gas-water distribution and the fluid constituent model.

Hydrocarbons may contain various combinations of single, double, and triple carbon-carbon bonds. The hydrocarbons ethane, ethene, and ethyne provide an example of how each type of bond can affect the geometry of a molecule: Ethane: tetrahedral organization of bond substituents about the carbon atoms. Ethene: planar structure due to the presence ...where RHOma is the grain density (normally determined from laboratory measurements on core material), RHOB is the density log measurement, RHOHC is the in-situ hydrocarbon density (from pressure data or sampling), RHOMF is the mud filtrate density (from correlation charts normally) and SWXO is the invaded zone water saturation.A hydrocarbon (R) has six membered ring in which there is no unsaturation. Two alkyl groups are attached to the ring adjacent to each other. One group has 3 carbon atoms with branching at 1 s t carbon and another has 4 carbon atoms. The larger alkyl group has main chain of three carbon atoms of which second carbon is substituted.The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons can be aliphatic or aromatic; aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. The combustion of hydrocarbons is a primary source of energy for our society. Exercise 22.2.2 22.2. 2. Define hydrocarbon.The point at which hydrocarbon becomes saturated in liquid water and forms a separate hydrocarbon phase. Both water and hydrocarbon dewpoints are represented as the maximum solubility of each phase in the other. The discussion in this page assumes that hydrates will not form; prevention of hydrate formation requires: High temperature; Low pressureCarbonate reservoir characterization and fluid quantification seem more challenging than those of sandstone reservoirs. The intricacy in the estimation of accurate hydrocarbon saturation is owed to their complex and heterogeneous pore structures, and mineralogy. Traditionally, resistivity-based logs are used to identify pay intervals based on the resistivity contrast between reservoir fluids ...Obtain origin and history of hydrocarbons from a thin section of rock material. Our fluid inclusion petrography services deliver thick polished slides for evaluation of fluid inclusion populations, abundance, characteristics, fluorescence colors, kerogen, and bitumen. We also offer microthermometry, which quantitatively determines API gravity ...Jun 19, 2023 · Saturated hydrocarbons, also known as alkanes, are a class of organic compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. They have a linear or branched chain structure and are characterised by single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. They have the general formula of CnH2n+2 C n H 2 n + 2, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in ...

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Because the tool radius of investigation is only about 1 in, the NML reading might allow determination of hydrocarbon saturation in the flushed zone. Neumann(4) has reported on the use of the NML ...The team used their method to detect hydrocarbon-saturated zone in the sandstone-based reservoir at the Tipam formation in the Upper Assam basin. The researchers combined different statistical approaches to obtain the subsurface rock structure using data from seismic surveys and well logs. Prof. Rajesh Nair said, “Seismic inversion …3.10. Water saturation modelling. The hydrocarbon saturation is a function of the water saturation (S h = 1- S w). The water saturation computed from the resistivity logs for each of the wells was used to estimate the values at unsampled locations and was distributed across the 3-D grids (Figures 21(a, b)). The calculated water saturation for ...Large packets of gas may be bypassed and left behind the encroaching front; thus, the amount of residual gas saturation increment leads to the reduction of ultimate gas recovery . ... and it is less effective if significant quantities of liquid hydrocarbon are present . Brady and Morrow successfully used the plunger lift for 130 low-pressure, tight-sand …Knowledge of initial fluids saturation has great importance in hydrocarbon reservoir analysis and modelling. Distribution of initial water saturation (Swi) in 3D models dictates the original oil in place (STOIIP), which consequently influences reserve estimation and dynamic modelling. Calculation of initial water saturation in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs always is a challenging task ...We find that the calibration of movable hydrocarbon saturation from log-mean T1 is different above and below a para-sequence boundary in the organic shale interval, the results of which can be used to interpret NMR logs. We also show details of the time-efficient technique used to obtain the mixed hydrocarbon-water-saturated cores. Standard …Saturated hydrocarbons are called paraffins, a name derived from the Latin parum affinis, which means slight affinity. Paraffins or alkanes are trace constituents of biological lipids, but alkanes are the most stable and abundant hydrocarbon constituents of terrestrial rocks. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are commonly referred to as olefins because ethylene, a …Saturated hydrocarbons are called paraffins, a name derived from the Latin parum affinis, which means slight affinity. Paraffins or alkanes are trace constituents of biological lipids, but alkanes are the most stable and abundant hydrocarbon constituents of terrestrial rocks. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are commonly referred to as olefins because ethylene, a … ….

We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.1. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain double and triple covalent bonds between two carbon atoms. 2. Saturated hydrocarbons are known alkanes. 2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are known as alkenes and alkynes. 3. Saturated hydrocarbons are less reactive as compared to unsaturated hydrocarbons. 3.1. n. [Formation Evaluation] The fraction of water in a given pore space. It is expressed in volume/volume, percent or saturation units. Unless otherwise stated, water saturation is the fraction of formation water in the undisturbed zone.The saturation is known as the total water saturation if the pore space is the total porosity, but is known as effective water …Oct 1, 2022 · Reservoir R A is about 30% water-saturated and 70% hydrocarbon-saturated (S w = 0.30 and S h = 0.70), consisting of oil and gas in wells R W1 and R W2. In well R W3, reservoir R A has a larger thickness, and it is about 20% water-saturated and 80% hydrocarbon-saturated (S w = 0.2 and S h = 0.80), also consisting of oil and gas. 1,500 m to 3,000 m, the hydrocarbon saturation increases from 40% to 90%, and the reservoir . layers produce highest hydrocarbon amount with an average daily yield of 18.6 t/d.Representatives of saturated hydrocarbons as typical lubricants In general, the viscosity of a lubricant - as a measure for the ability to move across - increases with the molecular weight, e.g. the number of carbon atoms attached. Viscosity is measured by different techniques. Basically the lubricant is pushed or moved in between plates or by moving it …They were able to obtain precise information on the distribution of rock types and hydrocarbon saturation zones to depths of 2.3 km. Professor Rajesh R Nair, Faculty, Petroleum Engineering course ...predominantly of hydrocarbons and containing sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and. ... saturation pressure, gas oil ratio, oil. density, oil viscosity, and oil isothermal compressibility. This phase ...The fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated, depending on the presence or absence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain; a saturated fatty acid has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon and, thus, only single bonds. In general, fats that are liquid at room temperature (e.g., canola oil) tend to be more unsaturated than fats that …Upward movement of hydrocarbon-water contacts may leave a zone of residual hydrocarbon saturation below the present transition zone. The hydrocarbons might be interpreted as part of a transition zone from well log or core analysis, leading to an erroneous approximation of fluid contacts or rock properties. The presence of residual … Hydrocarbon saturation, Direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) are an anomalous type of seismic amplitude that may occur due to the presence of hydrocarbons. They occur due to a change in pore fluids, which cause a change in the bulk rock’s elastic properties. ... Low-saturation gas phenomenon is often related to a break in a reservoir seal and is due to …, Dec 1, 2012 · The results demonstrate that hydrocarbon saturation, which can significantly affect the resistivity of hydrocarbon-filled reservoirs, may change rapidly over short distances, Controlling factors include (1) oil density and viscosity, (2) reservoir quality and (3) the location of the reservoir relative to the transition zone associated with the ... , Dec 1, 2012 · Highlights The resistivity of hydrocarbon (HC) reservoirs is controlled by HC saturation. This in turn is controlled by reservoir and fluid properties. Results indicate that high-density oil and poor reservoir quality reduces HC saturation. Reservoir location in or near the oil–water transition zone reduces overall HC saturation. This in turn leads to lower resistivity and, thus, weaker CSEM ... , Large packets of gas may be bypassed and left behind the encroaching front; thus, the amount of residual gas saturation increment leads to the reduction of ultimate gas recovery . ... and it is less effective if significant quantities of liquid hydrocarbon are present . Brady and Morrow successfully used the plunger lift for 130 low-pressure, tight-sand …, Determination of saturation. Water saturation is the fraction of the pore volume of the reservoir rock that is filled with water. It is generally assumed, unless otherwise known, that the pore volume not filled with water is filled with hydrocarbons. Determining water and hydrocarbon saturation is one of the basic objectives of well logging., High gas saturation or API index will amplify this affect. Because a change from water to hydrocarbon affects resistivity and compressional velocity in opposite ways, simultaneous pore-pressure analyses using both measurements can sometimes identify such zones. It is more difficult to identify and deal with changes in fluid salinity ..., The hydrocarbon volume at saturation pressure is used as a reference volume and the total hydrocarbon volume measured for each pressure depletion …, In order to assess a possible hydrocarbon reservoir, hydrocarbon saturation needs to be determined with good accuracy. In 1942 Archie published a formula to estimate water saturation in reservoirs., hydrocarbon saturation (Shc in %) in the Umm Gudair oil field. N.S. Aladwani. Heliyon 8 (2022) e09797. 12. Page 13. the Middle Minagish Member and the Sulaiy ..., The volume of reserves VR is the product of pore volume, hydrocarbon saturation Sh, and recovery factor RF. Writing pore volume as the product of porosity ϕ, area A, and net thickness h, VR is given by. (7.7.1) Porosity and saturation are usually obtained from well logs. The estimate of these parameters is often accompanied by the ..., Generally, the term ‘saturated hydrocarbon’ is used to refer to alkanes – acyclic hydrocarbons containing only sp 3 hybridized carbon atoms. The general formula of an alkane is C n H 2n+2. An illustration describing the structure of a propane molecule (C 3 H 8) is provided below. It can be observed that a propane molecule is ‘saturated ... , A bromine water test is employed to assess if a hydrocarbon is saturated or unsaturated. Since unsaturated hydrocarbons include at most one Carbon-Carbon double bond, which is fragile, an electrophilic addition using halogens, hydrogen halides, or water may be achieved without heat, making it straightforward to check for alkenes. , The general formula for saturated hydrocarbons is \(C_nH_{2n+2}\) (assuming non-cyclic structures). Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and are found as either linear or branched species.The simplest alkanes have their C atoms bonded in a straight chain; these are called normal alkanes. They are named according to the number ..., A saturated hydrocarbon is a compound in which each carbon atom has four single bonds (one to each of the four atoms to which the carbon is connected). The word ..., Dec 1, 2012 · The results demonstrate that hydrocarbon saturation, which can significantly affect the resistivity of hydrocarbon-filled reservoirs, may change rapidly over short distances, Controlling factors include (1) oil density and viscosity, (2) reservoir quality and (3) the location of the reservoir relative to the transition zone associated with the ... , Mar 2, 2011 · Water saturation is a parameter which helps evaluating the volume of hydrocarbon in reservoirs. Determination of this parameter started from 1942 by integrating some well logs in clean sandstones ... , When hydrocarbon is saturated, the amplitude increases with the offset in the range of medium offset and decreases with the increasing amplitude in the range of medium to large offset. However, there is no such phenomenon in water sandstone and partially gas-saturated reservoir. The saturation of hydrocarbon can be identified by …, 31 de mar. de 2008 ... Resistivity data is normally used to evaluate water saturation using porosity values from porosity logs (neutron and density)., Hydrocarbon saturations can be determined accurately using the method in a number of formation types where conventional methods and models for estimating fluid saturation commonly fail, such as ..., where ρ1, ρ2, Vp1, and Vp2 are the density and velocity of rock with Fluid 1 and 2 saturation. Both Eqs. 1 and 2 are direct results from simplified Gassmann’s equation. In Fig. 10, we show the typical fluid modulus effect on the saturated bulk modulus Ks. Even at a modest porosity of 15%, changes can be substantial., Aug 1, 2022 · Hydrocarbon saturation. In the current research for the estimation of hydrocarbon saturation (S hc), the subsequent equation has been utilized as described by Shepherd (2009). (6) S h c = 1 − S w. 3.6. Sonic-neutron crossplot. Neutron and sonic crossplots can also be used to differentiate between the ordinary reservoir rocks with ... , Generally, the term ‘saturated hydrocarbon’ is used to refer to alkanes – acyclic hydrocarbons containing only sp 3 hybridized carbon atoms. The general formula of an alkane is C n H 2n+2 . An illustration describing …, Nov 6, 2020 · The hydrocarbon saturation, S hc, shows an increase up to 69%, when using the original sigma water, Σ wo as the Σ w which will result in a decision to perforate the zone. If perforated, the zone will produce a 100% water and will require more spending to isolate the zone or squeeze the perforations like the open-hole case. , Jan 18, 2022 · Standard interpretation is the process of determining volumes of hydrocarbons in place from wireline logs, or log interpretation. This process requires four basic steps: Determine the volume of shale. Shale affects the response of the various logging devices. To interpret the response for porosity or saturation, the volume of shale must be ... , The final critical parameter is the hydrocarbon saturation, or how much of the porosity is occupied by hydrocarbons. This, and the related gas and water saturations are controlled by capillary pressure. The pore space in a rock is occupied by fluids. In hydrocarbon reservoirs these fluids are hydrocarbon gasses, oil and an aqueous brine. We define …, Apr 15, 2020 · Hydrocarbon saturation is a vital petrophysical parameter in play evaluation and reserve estimation. However, it is difficult to calculate hydrocarbon saturation in unconventional shale plays due to variabilities in lithology, high clay content, presence of organic matter and pyrite, low porosity and complex wettability [7], [8]. , Feb 13, 2021 · The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons can be aliphatic or aromatic; aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. The combustion of hydrocarbons is a primary source of energy for our society. Exercise 10.2.2 10.2. 2. , Hydrocarbon Saturation And Viscosity Estimation From Nmr Logging In The Belridge Diatomite. The Log Analyst 38 (02). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs …, Apr 15, 2020 · Hydrocarbon saturation is a vital petrophysical parameter in play evaluation and reserve estimation. However, it is difficult to calculate hydrocarbon saturation in unconventional shale plays due to variabilities in lithology, high clay content, presence of organic matter and pyrite, low porosity and complex wettability [7], [8]. , The component fluids in a hydrocarbon reservoir rock's pore spaces are oil (Figure 1), gas (Figure 2) and, of lesser commercial importance, water. Figure 3 ..., Hydrocarbon accumulation is commonly estimated from electrical logs. The result is considered as one of the most important parameters in reservoir development …, Apr 5, 2022 · The volume of hydrocarbon contained in a reservoir is a function of pore volume and water saturation (S w).Reservoir size and porosity determine pore volume. Pore throat size (see Pore and pore throat sizes) distribution, pore geometry, and hydrocarbon column height determine S w. , Hydrocarbon saturations can be determined accurately using the method in a number of formation types where conventional methods and models for estimating fluid saturation commonly fail, such as freshwater and unknown water salinity in formations under enhanced oil recovery.