What is volcanic ash made of

Ash accumulations mixed with water become heavy and can collapse roofs. Volcanic ash can affect people hundreds of miles away from the cone of a volcano. Sideways directed volcanic explosions, known as "lateral blasts," can shoot large pieces of rock at very high speeds for several miles. These explosions can kill by impact, burial or heat.

Volcanic Ash "ash" < 2 mm (.079 inch) Volcanic Dust (Fine Volcanic Ash) "ash" < 0.063 mm (0.0025 inch) * "Tephra" and "pyroclastics" are generalized names used for particles of igneous rocks of various sizes that have been ejected from volcanoes. They are classified by size. The terms "ash" and "dust" communicate a specific size of tephra or ...A volcano is a feature in Earth’s crust where molten rock is squeezed out onto the Earth’s surface. This molten rock is called magma when it is beneath the surface and lava when it erupts, or flows out, from a volcano.Along with lava, volcanoes also release gases, ash, and, solid rock. Volcanoes come in many different shapes and sizes …The 2021 volcanic blast in the Canary Islands entombed more than 2,800 buildings in lava and ash. Now scientists are searching for clues to understand what made La Palma’s first eruption in 50 ...AFTER A VOLCANO: Cover you mouth and nose. Volcanic ash can irritate your respiratory system. Wear goggles and protect your eyes. Keep your skin covered. Clear roofs of ash, because the ash is very heavy and can cause the building to collapse. Volcano Activities Lesson Plan: Here are great lesson plans on learning more about volcanoes. These ...The volcaniclastic sediments and rocks contain solely and primarily of more than 25% of the ingredients of volcanic origin in the form of fragments of volcanic rock, volcanic glass, and volcanic ash. The primary source materials are ejected by volcanic eruptions and transported by air, water, or pyroclastic flows to the place where it would ...Visualizing the complex magic system of Allomancy, particularly emotional metals like Brass and Zinc, will be challenging but important to capture in order to sell the film to new audiences. The film adaptation of Mistborn should accurately depict the unique world, such as the volcanic ash-covered environment and misty atmosphere, to understand ...Volcanic ash can lead to much of the same hazards: breathing troubles, eye irritation, contamination of water and food. Yet, it is for entirely different reasons. Unlike wildfire ash, volcanic ash is not caused by burning (so be a cool kid and never say a volcano is producing "smoke"). Volcanic ash is made of tiny fragments of rock and volcanic ...

Composite volcanoes are steep-sided volcanoes composed of many layers of volcanic rocks, usually made from high-viscosity lava, ash and rock debris. Mt. Rainier and Mount St. Helens are examples of this type of volcano. ... Volcanic ash can irritate your respiratory system. Wear goggles and protect your eyes. Keep your skin covered. Clear roofs ...Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter. [1] Ignimbrite, a volcanic rock deposited by pyroclastic flows. Volcanic rock (often shortened to volcanics in scientific contexts) is a rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano.Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into hypabyssal and metamorphic rocks and constitute an important element of some …Ignimbrite, a volcanic rock deposited by pyroclastic flows. Volcanic rock (often shortened to volcanics in scientific contexts) is a rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano.Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into hypabyssal and metamorphic rocks and constitute an important element of some …Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption.The particles are very small—less than 2 millimeters in diameter. They tend to be pitted and full of holes, which gives them a low density.Along with water vapor and other hot gases, . volcanic ash is part of the dark ash column that …

The researchers picked through the databases to assemble the individual processes associated with producing traditional cement and cement containing 10 to 50 percent volcanic ash. They then went into the lab, where they manufactured small samples of concrete with various percentages of volcanic ash, as well as samples made only of …It called for a concoction of volcanic ash, lime, and seawater, mixed together with volcanic rocks and spread into wooden molds that were then immersed in more sea water. History contains many references to the durability of Roman concrete, including this cryptic note written in 79 B.C.E., describing concrete exposed to seawater as: "a single ...Types of volcanoes. The lava and pyroclastic material (clouds of ash, lava fragments and vapor) that comes out from volcanoes can make many different kinds of land shapes. There are two basic kinds of volcanoes. Shield volcanoes. These volcanoes are formed by fluid low-silica mafic lava.Shield volcanoes are built out of layers of lava from continual …Redoubt volcano with minor ash eruption. Photograph taken during observation and gas data collection flight by AVO staff March 30, 2009. Many mountains form by folding, faulting, uplift, and erosion of the …Roman concrete derives from a type of volcanic ash called Pozzolana. Unlike other types of volcanic material, Pozzolana contains siliceous (silicon dioxide) and aluminous elements. This unique composition makes the ash react with other materials. Under the right conditions, this ash will bond with specific elements to create a type of cement.

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Volcanic ash (VA) is formed during volcanic eruptions, and is considered as natural pozzolan as per ASTM. C618-93, a standard specification for 'Fly Ash and ...Volcanic ash generation, a faithful companion of volcanic activity, is a widespread source of natural hazards resulting from eruptions. During its eruption, transport and deposition, ash poses a range of hazards to human and animal health, infrastructure (e.g., power blackouts, building collapse), air traffic, and agriculture over widely varying …11 Şub 2018 ... That specific energy reduction was found in a material made with 50 percent volcanic ash and 50 percent traditional cement—technically called ...The best mining spot for Volcanic Ash is the Volcanos on Fossil Island. Realistically, you can mine close to 1000 Ash Piles in the Fossil Island Volcano in one hour. So, we recommend having more than 67 Mining Level, netting you a total of 4000 Volcanic Ash and 10k XP per hour. Converting that into gold, that’s a grind of 276k GPH.Sep 28, 2023 · The volcanic archipelago of the Canary Islands held global winemaking fame nearly 400 years ago, and Lanzarote Island, where swaths of black volcanic ash run for miles, is largely responsible for ...

Photo shows gold jewelry recovered from the ash deposits of the 79 A.D. eruption of Vesuvius. Gold forms in close association with volcanoes or is hosted in volcanic rocks. Three environments/styles are most common: gold in greenstone belts, gold in porphyry deposits, and gold in epithermal deposits. Gold in Greenstone BeltsOriginally, the belief was that the Romans added water with the lime and powder of volcanic ash and aggregate to make a slurry, called “slaking.” That creates a homogeneously structured mixture.Volcanoes can look like small mountains or hills. A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust that allows magma, hot ash and gases to escape. Most volcanic eruptions are caused by pieces of the ...Agricultural Uses. The volcanic ash provides the surrounding soil with essential nutrients. It contains minerals that are beneficial to plants. The fine ash breaks down quickly to mix with the soil. It proves to be a good fertilizer for the crops. A number of crops are grown on volcanic ash soils as its properties are favorable for the growth ... volcanic: [adjective] of, relating to, or produced by a volcano. characterized by volcanoes. made of materials from volcanoes. Volcanic coffee is often praised for its unique and complex flavor profiles. These can include fruity, floral, and earthy notes, as well as bright acidity and a smooth, velvety mouthfeel. The specific flavor profile will depend on factors such as the altitude at which the coffee is grown, the processing method, and the roast level.Some types of volcanoes are exclusively made up of deposits of volcanic ash and other types of tephra. Others are nearly wholly made of lava flows. And yet others contain both pyroclastic deposits and lava flows, and possibly also lava domes, lahar, and/or landslide deposits. Depending on how they are grouped or subdivided, there are eight ...Volcanic ash is composed of fine particles of fragmented volcanic rock (less than 2 mm diameter). Volcanic ash is often hot very close to the volcano but is cool when it falls at greater distances. It is formed during volcanic explosions, from avalanches of hot rock that flow down the side of volcanoes, or from red-hot liquid lava spray. Influence of volcanic ash on the properties of concrete. 4.1. Compressive strength. Hossain and Lachemi (2004) reported the results of residual compressive …Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions. Explosive eruptions occur when gases dissolved in molten rock ( magma) expand as the magma rises, and then escape violently into the air, or when water is heated by magma and abruptly flashes into steam. The force of the escaping, expanding gas violently shatters solid rocks and shreds ... Protect your lungs. Volcanic ash and vog can harm your respiratory, or breathing, tract. To prepare for a volcanic eruption, make sure you get proper protection. Use an N95 respirator, or an air ...

Volcanic ash layers are formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when gas-rich magma rises to the surface, causing a sudden release of gas, sending ash, rock and debris high into the atmosphere. The ash particles are carried by winds and eventually settle back down to the ground.

Cone-shaped volcano with alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material. Which of the following statements describe a part of the process of the formation of the Cascade Mountain Range? Rising of magma to the surface. Partial melting due to the presence of water. Eruption of material at the surface.Cone-shaped volcano with alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material. Which of the following statements describe a part of the process of the formation of the Cascade Mountain Range? Rising of magma to the surface. Partial melting due to the presence of water. Eruption of material at the surface.Falling ash can turn daylight into complete darkness. Accompanied by rain and lightning, the gritty ash can lead to power outages, prevent communications, and disorientate people. Ashfalls vary widely in intensity, size of the ash particles, and the degree to which light from the sun is obscured or blocked completely. Because of the unexpected darkness during daylight hours, loud thunder and ...A research team based at the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), has found that volcanic ashes are sufficiently reactive to be applied in the manufacture of several types of cement. The samples were taken from the Cumbre Vieja volcano, on the island of La Palma, which erupted in September 2021 for 85 days, after lying dormant for …Volcanic ash is a combination of fine particles made of rock, tiny strands of supercooled lava called volcanic glass, and minerals. The particles are usually smaller than an inch in diameter, but ...Pneumono­ultra­micro­scopic­silico­volcano­coniosis is the longest word in the English language. The word can be analysed as follows: This word was invented in the daily meeting from the National Puzzlers' League (N.P.L.) by its president Everett M. Smith. The word featured in the headline for an article published by the New York Herald ... Made in volcanic soil, wines from Mount Etna are delicious and special. ... Volcanic ash is porous, and it mixes with rocks, creating a hospitable environment for plants to absorb water through ...How to Find Volcanic Ash in Dark and Darker? Crafting materials in video games has been around for many years and is a feature in a game that’s not leaving anytime soon. Crafting can be used to make healing objects, new armor, upgrade weapons, or as a trading component to get rare items. Volcanic Ash is a crafting item you can use …Volcanic ash consists of powder-size to sand-size particles of igneous rock material that have been blown into the air by an erupting volcano. The term is used for the material while it is in the air, after it falls to the ground, and sometimes after it has been lithified into rock .

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Influence of volcanic ash on the properties of concrete. 4.1. Compressive strength. Hossain and Lachemi (2004) reported the results of residual compressive strength of concretes made with 0 to 40% of volcanic ash (VA) as cement replacement by mass, subjected to high temperatures up to 800 °C.13 Nis 2021 ... When a volcano erupts, it emits gases, molten rock and particles of rock and glass. Those particles, volcanic ash, can have long-term ...Located just outside of Naples in southern Italy, Pompeii is renowned for its well-preserved Roman ruins —and the disaster that ironically left them intact. Following a cataclysmic volcanic eruption, the entire city was covered by a blanket of volcanic ash. Until the 18th century, the city remained buried by this dust, leaving it untouched ...The best mining spot for Volcanic Ash is the Volcanos on Fossil Island. Realistically, you can mine close to 1000 Ash Piles in the Fossil Island Volcano in one hour. So, we recommend having more than 67 Mining Level, netting you a total of 4000 Volcanic Ash and 10k XP per hour. Converting that into gold, that’s a grind of 276k GPH.They form when different types of eruptions deposit different materials around the sides of a volcano. Alternating eruptions of volcanic ash and lava cause layers to form. Over time these layers build up. The result is a cone that has a gentler slope than a cinder cone but is steeper than a shield volcano. Washington state’s Mt. St. Helens is ...A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape. Volcanic eruptions are partly driven by pressure from dissolved gas, much as escaping gases force the cork out of a bottle of champagne. Beneath a volcano, liquid magma containing dissolved gases rises through cracks in the Earth’s crust. 10 Eyl 2020 ... When volcanos erupt, these geologic monsters produce tremendous clouds of ash and dust—plumes that can blacken the sky, shut down air ...The 25x800 worth of volcanic ash gives you 15 ultracompost, which last I checked was 2450 ea. The profit is about 16750 per compost bin (not counting the cost of watermelons or pineapples for making supercompost). With 6 available bins, it could be a quick 90k profit if you did them all simultaneously.This review paper contrasts volcanic ash and mineral dust regarding their chemical and physical properties, sources, atmospheric load, deposition processes, atmospheric processing, and environmental and climate effects. Although there are substantial differences in the history of mineral dust and volcanic ash particles before they are released into the atmosphere, a number of similarities ...Oct 19, 2023 · Vocabulary. A pyroclastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. It occurs as part of certain volcanic eruptions. A pyroclastic flow is extremely hot, burning anything in its path. It may move at speeds as high as 200 m/s. Pyroclastic flows form in various ways. Apr 1, 2023 · B. Characteristics of volcanic ash The characteristics of volcanic ash can vary depending on the type of volcano it originates from, the composition of the magma, and the eruption style. Some of the key properties of volcanic ash include: – Particle size: Volcanic ash particles range in size from less than 0.001 mm (nanoparticles) to several ... ….

When a volcano erupts, there are different types of materials and objects that consume the atmosphere around the volcano that make the entire environment a very dangerous place. These include. Ash; Tiny particles rock and glass; Volcanic bombs; Volcanic Bombs. A bomb made from a volcano sounds just like it is, terrifying. Lahars. Reach up to ...That's not smoke billowing skyward from many an erupting volcano, it's volcanic ash – and it's not like the ash in your fireplace. Learn how it forms, why scientists call it "frozen hot magma," and why it is hazardous to airplane engines. Dr. Elizabeth Cottrell explains volcanic ash and shows some from the Smithsonian's collection.Jul 8, 2022 · Volcanic soil, which belongs to a category of soils known as andisols, is derived from both volcanic lava and volcanic ash, both of which are rich in certain key nutrients, such as iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorous, sulfur, silicon and many other trace elements, a rich combination that can act as a stimulant for plant growth. The amount of ash obtained is scaled to the player's Mining level, starting with one ash at level 22 and increasing by one for every 15 levels above 22, to a maximum of six ash at 97 (boosts can be used). Mining enhancers do not affect the yield when mining volcanic ash. At high mining levels, it is possible to obtain over 6,500 ash per hour.Volcanic ash is a combination of fine particles made of rock, tiny strands of supercooled lava called volcanic glass, and minerals. The particles are usually smaller than an inch in diameter, but ...Types of volcanoes. The lava and pyroclastic material (clouds of ash, lava fragments and vapor) that comes out from volcanoes can make many different kinds of land shapes. There are two basic kinds of volcanoes. Shield volcanoes. These volcanoes are formed by fluid low-silica mafic lava.Shield volcanoes are built out of layers of lava from continual …However, the volcanic ash evidence base is currently too limited to undertake an HIA with ash-specific CRFs. A number of short-term studies, with varied methods, indicate ash to be a probable respiratory hazard, but the generally crude characterization of exposure, varied ash characteristics and toxicological properties, …Volcanic ash consists of very fine rock and mineral particles less than 2 mm in diameter that are ejected from a volcanic vent. Note: The above text is ...Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption.The particles are very small—less than 2 millimeters in diameter. They tend to be pitted and full of holes, which gives them a low density.Along with water vapor and other hot gases, . volcanic ash is part of the dark ash column that …Volcanic ash is a combination of fine particles made of rock, tiny strands of supercooled lava called volcanic glass, and minerals. The particles are usually smaller than an inch in diameter, but ... What is volcanic ash made of, Sometimes volcanic ash only consists of fragments of older pre-existing rock that were pulverized by eruptions. As volcanic ash is made up of rock material, it is not the product of combustion. Volcanic ash is very abrasive due to the jagged edges of the ash particles, especially along vesicle (bubble) boundaries. It can also be mildly corrosive., Pliny wrote that the best maritime concrete was made from volcanic ash found in regions around the Gulf of Naples, especially from near the modern-day town of Pozzuoli. Its virtues became so well ..., What is Volcanic Ash? Volcanic ash consists of powder-size to sand-size particles of igneous rock material that have been blown into the air by an erupting volcano.The term is used for the material while it is in the air, after it falls to the ground, and sometimes after it has been lithified into rock.The terms "volcanic dust" and "volcanic ash" are both used for the same material; however ..., On 15 December 1989, a Boeing 747-400 positioning for a planned en-route stop at Anchorage with crew awareness of a significant volcanic eruption in progress some 150 nm upwind entered volcanic ash during descent north northeast of the airport. When an attempt to climb out of the ash using full thrust was made, all engines failed., Designing the Best Roof To Withstand Volcanoes. So, the best way to design a roof to withstand a volcanic eruption is by creating it with a smooth, slick surface so that the ash can slide off without collecting on the surface. Another architectural feature, volcanic resistant designs, have a reinforced structure with titanium. , Volcanic ash is a combination of fine particles made of rock, tiny strands of supercooled lava called volcanic glass, and minerals. The particles are usually smaller than an inch in diameter, but ... , According to the United States Geologic Survey, there are approximately 1,500 potentially active volcanoes worldwide. Most are located around the Pacific Ocean in what is commonly called the Ring of Fire. A volcano is defined as an opening in the Earth's crust through which lava, ash, and gases erupt. The term also includes the cone-shaped …, 1. May Help Exfoliate Skin. Image: Shutterstock. Volcanic ash may absorb and attract substances. It is made of fine porous particles that enable it to remove dirt, impurities, and excess oils from the skin, which may cause inflammation and trigger acne. Related: 5 Simple Homemade Scrubs For Dry Skin. 2., B. Characteristics of volcanic ash The characteristics of volcanic ash can vary depending on the type of volcano it originates from, the composition of the magma, and the eruption style. Some of the key properties of volcanic ash include: - Particle size: Volcanic ash particles range in size from less than 0.001 mm (nanoparticles) to several ..., Volcanoes can look like small mountains or hills. A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust that allows magma, hot ash and gases to escape. Most volcanic eruptions are caused by pieces of the ..., Tephra from Explosive Volcanic Eruptions. Volcanic ash is the product of explosive volcanic eruptions. These occur when water mixes with magma, when magma is trapped by ice-loading, or when the magma ‘evolves’ to have high silica content. All three conditions have been seen in the Eyjafjallajökull eruptions., 1 Haz 2023 ... Volcanic ash is the result of explosive eruptions and consists of two main components: non-soluble, pulverized fragments of rock, minerals and ..., Volcanic gases form a dissolved component of magma that is released to the atmosphere in large quantities during eruptions. The principal volcanic gases are water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. Minor amounts of nitrogen, methane, argon and helium can also …, A volcano is an opening on the surface of a planet or moon that allows material warmer than its surroundings to escape from its interior. When this material escapes, it causes an eruption. An eruption can be explosive, sending material high into the sky. Or it can be calmer, with gentle flows of material. This photograph shows an …, Ashfall is a volcanic reaction. It is made of the tiny fragments of the jagged rocks and with the rest of the things like volcanic glass and minerals. The ash is the outcome of a huge volcanic explosion. The volcano ejects a sequence of volcanic ash falls in the scenario, and due to inaction, the gas mixes with the atmosphere., 22 Ara 2017 ... Volcanic ash is a heterogeneous dust, the componentry of which can vary substantially amongst eruptions and even within the same eruption., 1. Ash. Volcanic ash consists of rock, mineral, and volcanic glass fragments smaller than a tenth of an inch in diameter—or slightly larger than a pinhead. Volcanic ash is quite different from ..., The researchers picked through the databases to assemble the individual processes associated with producing traditional cement and cement containing 10 to 50 percent volcanic ash. They then went into the lab, where they manufactured small samples of concrete with various percentages of volcanic ash, as well as samples made only of Portland cement., It can be used as an amendment or by irrigation. One of the most widely used trademarks is Azomite ®. Azomite ® is a micronized product, and is basically made ..., A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra. [1] Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and periodic intervals of explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions, although some have collapsed …, Falling ash can turn daylight into complete darkness. Accompanied by rain and lightning, the gritty ash can lead to power outages, prevent communications, and disorientate people. Ashfalls vary widely in intensity, size of the ash particles, and the degree to which light from the sun is obscured or blocked completely. Because of the unexpected darkness during daylight hours, loud thunder and ..., Pozzolana from Mount Vesuvius volcano, Italy. Pozzolana or pozzuolana (/ ˌ p ɒ t s (w) ə ˈ l ɑː n ə / POT-s(w)ə-LAH-nə, Italian: [potts(w)oˈlaːna]), also known as pozzolanic ash (Latin: pulvis puteolanus), is a natural siliceous or siliceous-aluminous material which reacts with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water at room temperature (cf. pozzolanic reaction)., Pyroclastic rocks can be classified by their mode of formation into three main groups: ash fall deposits, ash flow deposits and surge deposits. Ash fall deposits. These form when volcanic material is explosively ejected from the vent up into an eruption column. There are five main types based on degree of fragmentation (i.e. size of ash particles):, Tonga is an archipelago of 170 volcanic islands. The new landmass formed in March 2009 as an explosive eruption sent steam, volcanic gases, and volcanic ash roughly 800 meters (2,625 feet) into the sky, covering the uninhabited . island of Hunga Ha’apai—63 kilometers (39 miles) away—in black, volcanic ash., Types of volcanoes. The lava and pyroclastic material (clouds of ash, lava fragments and vapor) that comes out from volcanoes can make many different kinds of land shapes. There are two basic kinds of volcanoes. Shield volcanoes. These volcanoes are formed by fluid low-silica mafic lava.Shield volcanoes are built out of layers of lava from continual …, Made in volcanic soil, wines from Mount Etna are delicious and special. ... Volcanic ash is porous, and it mixes with rocks, creating a hospitable environment for plants to absorb water through ..., That is what appears to have happened on April 10-11, 2023. Sheveluch unleashed one of its biggest explosion eruptions in years, with ash reaching 52,000 feet. Heavy ash fell on the towns around the volcano, with upwards of 6 centimetres (3 inches) of the stuff on top of the winter's snow. Towns over 30 miles away saw over 8 centimetres (4 ..., Visualizing the complex magic system of Allomancy, particularly emotional metals like Brass and Zinc, will be challenging but important to capture in order to sell the film to new audiences. The film adaptation of Mistborn should accurately depict the unique world, such as the volcanic ash-covered environment and misty atmosphere, to understand ..., Oct 19, 2023 · Vocabulary. A pyroclastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. It occurs as part of certain volcanic eruptions. A pyroclastic flow is extremely hot, burning anything in its path. It may move at speeds as high as 200 m/s. Pyroclastic flows form in various ways. , Volcanic ash can cause internal-combustion engines to stall by clogging air filters and also damage the moving parts of vehicles and machinery, including bearings and gears. Engines of jet aircraft have suddenly failed …, A volcano is a fissure – opening or vent – in the earth’s crust through which molten rocks and gases erupt. The molten rocks can be in the form of mixture of hot gases, ash, lava, or other extremely hot substances within the earth’s crust. A volcano looks like a huge heap of soil or a mountain, known as the cone, on the earth surface ... , Tonga is an archipelago of 170 volcanic islands. The new landmass formed in March 2009 as an explosive eruption sent steam, volcanic gases, and volcanic ash roughly 800 meters (2,625 feet) into the sky, covering the uninhabited . island of Hunga Ha’apai—63 kilometers (39 miles) away—in black, volcanic ash., Pliny wrote that the best maritime concrete was made from volcanic ash found in regions around the Gulf of Naples, especially from near the modern-day town of Pozzuoli. Its virtues became so well ...