Karrie shogren

Karrie A. Shogren, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Special Education and Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities. Her research focuses on assessment and intervention in self-determination and supports needs assessment and planning. Michael L. Wehmeyer is Ross and Marianna Beach Distinguished Professor in Special Education, Chair of the Department of ...

Karrie shogren. Karrie Shogren Russell Lang 2009, … and Training in … Play is widely acknowledged to be an integral part of human development and children with autism often experience substantial delays in the development of play behaviors.

KARRIE A.SHOGREN, PH.D., FAAIDD, FAPA CURRICULUM VITA. 1 . RESEARCH TEACHING AND ADVISING Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities Department of Special Education

Promoting and enhancing self-determination are recognized as a best practice in secondary transition for students with disabilities (Rowe et al., 2021).Leaving high school with higher levels of self-determination is a predictor of postschool success (Mazzotti et al., 2021; Shogren et al., 2015).Multiple skills and abilities can be a focus of instruction during secondary education leading to ...Real students, real stories, and real solutions Exceptional Lives: Practice, Progress, & Dignity in Today's Schools pairs real-life stories about children, their families, and their educators with the most recent evidence-based research on inclusion of students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment. The 9th Edition highlights the important themes of ensuring students ...Supporting people with disabilities in expressing preferences and making choices is a core value in positive behavior support. Indeed, in recent years, the field has increasingly focused its attention on the importance of making choices and the potential benefits of choice-making opportunities in enhancing the quality of life of people with disabilities.Karrie A. Shogren, Ph.D. is Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities (a University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities) and Ross and Marianna Beach Distinguished Professor in the Department of Special Education at the University of Kansas. Dr.Karrie Shogren, director of Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, said it was important for KU to support efforts to center and elevate the voices of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. ... policy and practice," Shogren said. The conference will be as fully accessible as possible, with American Sign ...Hyojeong Seo, Michael L. Wehmeyer, Karrie A. Shogren, Carolyn Hughes, James R. Thompson, Todd D. Little, Susan B. Palmer

24 thg 7, 2012 ... ... Karrie Shogren, a professor of special education in the College of Education. Photo courtesy College of Education. Images. blog posts.Karrie A. Shogren, PhD, William Kennedy, MA, Chantelle Dowsett, PhD, Mauricio Garnier Villarreal, MA, and Todd D. Little, PhD Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals 2013 37 : 3 , 168-176Xueqin Qian, PhD, Karrie Shogren, PhD, Omolola A. Odejimi, MA, and Todd Little, PhD. Journal of Disability Policy Studies 2020 32: 4, 245-256 Download Citation. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below ...Karrie A. Shogren is co-director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, and an associate professor of special education at the University of Kansas. Her research focuses on self-determination and systems of support for students with disabilities and she has a specific interest in the multiple, nested contextual factors ...Karrie Shogren. Download Free PDF View PDF. Hammill Institute on Disabilities. A Crisis in Career Development: Changing Paradigms and the Future of Transition. 2018 • Mary E . Morningstar. Download Free PDF View PDF. American Annals of the Deaf. Promoting Self-Determination of Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today's Schools (7th Edition) by Ann Turnbull; Rud Turnbull; Michael L. Wehmeyer; Karrie A. Shogren - ISBN 10: ...Karrie Shogren. 2009, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. See Full PDF Download PDF. See Full PDF Download PDF. Related Papers. Psychology in the Schools. Video self-modeling as an intervention strategy for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. 2012 • Nicholas Gelbar.Karrie A. Shogren, Ph.D. is a Professor in the Department of Special Education, co-Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, and Associate Director of the Beach Center on Disability all at the University of Kansas. Dr. Shogren's research focuses on self-determination and systems of support for people with ...

Karrie A Shogren View If autonomy and selfdetermination are understood as well-defined phenomena, the agency and competence of people with disabilities might not be acknowledged (Fjetland ...My name is Karrie Shogren. I am the Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities (KUCDD), part of the national network of 67 University Centers . for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDDs) funded by the Administration for . Community Living. I am also the Ross and Marianna Beach Distinguished Professor ofKarrie Shogren, the Ross and Marianna Beach Distinguished Professor of Special Education in the KU School of Education & Human Sciences, has dedicated the past two decades of her career to exploring this topic. Shogren will present her inaugural distinguished professor lecture, “Advancing Self-Determination: Building Systems of Supports with ...Ann A. Turnbull, H. Rutherford (Rud) Turnbull, Elizabeth J. Erwin, Leslie C. Soodak, Karrie A. Shogren. Pearson Education, Jan 6, 2015 - Education - 352 pages. Note: This is the loose-leaf version of Families, Professionals, and Exceptionality and does not include access to the Pearson eText. To order the Pearson eText packaged with the loose ...This Manual contains the most current and authoritative information and knowledge on intellectual disability, including best practice guidelines on diagnosing and classifying intellectual disability and developing a system of supports for people living with an intellectual disability. Written by a committee of 18 experts, "Intellectual Disability: …

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An Investigation of IEP Quality Associated With Special Education Placement for Students With Complex Support NeedsView Karrie Shogren’s profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. Karrie has 3 jobs listed on their profile. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Karrie’s ... Self-determination has been identified as a predictor of school and postschool outcomes for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (Shogren et al. 2015b; Test et al. 2009), and a number of interventions have been developed for use by secondary special education teachers to support students with intellectual and developmental disabilities to develop self-determination skills ...Self-determination is a predictor of postschool success. The importance of self-determination instruction for students with and without disabilities is increasingly being recognized.toward goals in one's life (Shogren et al., 2015a, b), and is a critical component of career design. Causal Agency Theory incorporates aspects of Self-Determination The-ory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) to describe an agentic person as engaging in self-regulated and goal-directed action in supportive contexts that facilitate intrinsic motivationThe group is led by researcher Karrie Shogren, director of the KU Life Span Institute’s Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities (KUCDD).

Additional Book Details. Real students, real stories, and real solutions. Exceptional Lives: Practice, Progress, & Dignity in Today's Schools pairs real-life stories about children, their families, and their educators with the most recent evidence-based research on inclusion of students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment.Drs. Evan E. Dean, Karrie A. Shogren, and Michael L. Wehmeyer contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Drs. Evan E. Dean and Mayumi Hagiwara and Ms. Jennifer Shrum.. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Drs. Evan E. Dean, Mayumi Hagiwara, and Karrie A. Shogren.Karrie A. Shogren, Ph.D. Professor, University of Kansas. Verified email at ku.edu. intellectual disability self-determination systems of supports public policy.Kimberly Wolowiec Fisher and Karrie A. Shogren. Journal of Special Education Technology 2012 27: 2, 23-39 Download Citation. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download.The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) is extremely pleased to announce its 2023-2024 Board of Directors, effective July 1, 2023. The members of the 2023-2024 AAIDD Board of Directors are: President: Dalun "Dan" Zhang, PhD, FAAIDD. Professor and Director, Center on Disability and Development, Texas A ...Shogren, Karrie. Karrie A. Shogren, Ph.D. is a Professor in the Department of Special Education, Senior Scientist in the Life Span Institute, and Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities. Dr. Shogren's research focuses on self-determination and systems of support for students with disabilities and she has a ...Karrie Shogren, PhD, is co-director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, and an associate professor of special education at the University of Kansas. Her research focuses on self-determination and systems of support for students with disabilities and she has a specific interest in the multiple, nested contextual ...Evaluation of Whose Future Process on Self-Determination 1 Running Head: EVALUATION OF WHOSE FUTURE ON SELF-DETERMINATION A Randomized-Trial Evaluation of the Effect of Whose Future Is It Anyway? on Self- Determination Michael L. Wehmeyer, Susan B. Palmer University of Kansas Youngsun Lee Inha University Kendra Williams-Diehm University of Oklahoma Karrie A. Shogren University of Illinois ...Karrie A. Shogren is Professor of Special Education; Co-Director and Senior Scientist, Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities; and Associate Director, Beach Center on Disability, all at the University of Kansas. Dr. Shogren's research focuses on self-determination and systems of support for people with disabilities as well as ...Karrie A. Shogren, Ph.D., Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities (a University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities), Senior Scientist at the Schiefelbusch Life Span Institute, and Ross and Marianna Beach Distinguished Professor in the Department of Special Education all at the University of Kansas ...Self-determination is a predictor of postschool success. The importance of self-determination instruction for students with and without disabilities is increasingly being recognized.Karrie A. Shogren, PhD, Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, UCEDD/LEND This session includes three thematically-linked presentations related to self-determination across the lifespan. The first presentation presents results from a survey of guardians and those in related roles to understand their knowledge and utilization of less …

Mayumi Hagiwara, MS, Susan B. Palmer, PhD, Christine L. Hancock, MA, and Karrie A. Shogren, PhD. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals 2018 42: 3, 194-200 Download Citation. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your ...

View Karrie Shogren’s profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. Karrie has 3 jobs listed on their profile. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Karrie’s ...For example, generalized self-determination interventions that can be delivered as part of transition services or in academic contexts, such as the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (Shogren, Wehmeyer, Burke, & Palmer, 2017), were highlighted given the established relationship with postschool transition outcomes (e.g., employment ...The University of Kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression, and genetic information in the university's programs and activities. . Retaliation is also prohibited by universiKarrie A. Shogren. University of Kansas. View all articles by this author. Hunter Matusevich. University of Kansas. View all articles by this author. Notes. Sheida K. Raley, Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Haworth Hall 3111, Lawrence, KS 66045 (email: [email protected]).Karrie A. Shogren; Hyunjoo Lee; Kiara Born; Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities. Jul 2015. Restricted access. On Peer Support, Universal Design, and Access to the Core Curriculum for Students with Severe Disabilities: A Personnel Preparation Perspective. Show details Hide details.Exceptional Lives 9th. Author (s) Ann Turnbull Michael Wehmeyer Karrie Shogren H. Rutherford (rud) Turnbull. Publisher Pearson. Format eBook more formats: Paperback Paperback W/ Access Code Digital W/ Access Code Hardcover. ISBN 978-0-13-498431-5. Edition. 9th, Ninth, 9e. Reviews. Find in Library.Karrie A. Shogren, Ph.D. is Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities (a University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities), Senior Scientist at the Schiefelbusch Life …

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Karrie A. Shogren is Professor of Special Education; Co-Director and Senior Scientist, Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities; and Associate Director, Beach Center on Disability, all at the University of Kansas. Dr. Shogren's research focuses on self-determination and systems of support for people with disabilities as well as ...Sep 1, 2020 · Karrie A Shogren People with disabilities develop skills associated with self-determined action when supports and opportunities, aligned to their strengths and values, are provided in the ... Self-determination is a predictor of postschool success. The importance of self-determination instruction for students with and without disabilities is increasingly being recognized.Karrie A. Shogren is a Professor in the Department of Special Education and Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities at the University of Kansas.Karrie A. Shogren, PhD and David Wittenburg, PhD. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals 2019 43: 1, 18-28 Download Citation. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on ...Karrie Shogren. The purpose of the current study was to conceptually replicate a multi-indicator construct of economic hardship in a national sample of adolescents with and without disabilities (N ...Karrie Shogren, University of Kansas - September 9, 2013 "The range of topics and depth of analysis make this a must have book for anyone interested in current issues in the field of severe disabilities." Volume Editors: Martin Agran Ph.D., Fredda Brown ...Karrie A Shogren [...] Elissa Lockman Turner; Intervening to enhance self-determination has been linked to enhanced in-school outcomes (e.g., academic and transition goal attainment and access to ...Karrie A. Shogren, PhD, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Rm 3136, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Metrics and citations Metrics. Journals metrics. This article was published in Exceptional Children. VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS. Article usage * Total views and downloads: 1763Table of Contents: Part I. Understanding Intellectual Disability. Historical Understandings of Intellectual Disability and the emergence of special education / Michael L. Wehmeyer, J. David Smith ; Reframing educational supports for students with intellectual disability through strengths-based approaches / Karrie A Shogren, Michael L. Wehmeyer, Robert Schalock, Hastings …5 thg 7, 2023 ... Karrie Shogren REEP Consultant. Annie Song Former Clinical Research Assistant. Kristy Stepp DEEP Consultant. Marci Straughter DEEP Consultant. ….

Karrie Shogren dedicates this book to J.T. and the lessons he taught her about friendship and to all the advocates who strive every day to make the world a more inclusive place for all. Jane Wegner and Russell Johnston dedicate their chapter to all the individuals with communication challenges from whom we have learned so much.Contributors: Abdulaziz Alsaeed; Mary Curran Mansouri; Karrie A. Shogren; Sheida K. Raley; Jennifer A. Kurth; Elizabeth M. Leatherman; Elissa Lockman TurnerKarrie A. Shogren, Ph.D. is Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities (a University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities), Senior Scientist at the Schiefelbusch Life Span Institute, and Professor in the Department of Special Education all at the University of Kansas. Dr.Shogren K. A., Lopez S. J., Wehmeyer M. L., Little T. D., Pressgrove C. L. (2006). The role of positive psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: An exploratory study. ... Karrie A. Shogren is assistant professor, Department of Special Education, University of Illinois. Daniel ...Karrie A. Shogren, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Special. Education, School of Education, 1 University Sta-tion/D 5300, Austin, TX 78701. The additional au-Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, Michael L. Wehmeyer, Karrie A. Shogren No preview available - 2012 New Myeducationlab with Pearson Etext -- Standalone Access Card -- For ... Ann Turnbull , H. Rutherford Turnbull , Michael L. Wehmeyer , Karrie A. Shogren No preview available - 2012 Karrie A. Shogren, Ph.D. is Director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities (a University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities), Senior …Exceptional Lives: Practice, Progress, & Dignity in Today's Schools 9th Edition is written by Ann Turnbull; H. Rutherford Turnbull; Michael L. Wehmeyer; Karrie A Shogren and published by Pearson. The Digital and eTextbook ISBNs for Exceptional Lives: Practice, Progress, & Dignity in Today's Schools are 9780134984315, 0134984315 and the print ISBNs are 9780134984339, 0134984331. Save up to 80% ... Karrie shogren, Hagiwara M., Shogren K. A., Leko M. (2017). Reviewing research on the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction: Mapping the terrain and charting a course to promote adoption and use. ... Karrie A. Shogren, PhD. The University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA. View all articles by this author. Mayumi Hagiwara, MS., Karrie Shogren. Download Free PDF View PDF. Psychological Assessment. Methodological issues in interviewing and using self-report questionnaires with people with mental retardation. 2001 • Mick Finlay. Download Free PDF View PDF. Toon Maillard 2012 Construct(ion)s of Learning Difficulties., Coaching is an essential component of supporting teachers to implement evidence-based practices (EBPs) in classrooms. The Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI), an EBP designed to promote student self-determination, uses a research-based coaching model with six guiding principles., Contributors: Abdulaziz Alsaeed; Mary Curran Mansouri; Karrie A. Shogren; Sheida K. Raley; Jennifer A. Kurth; Elizabeth M. Leatherman; Elissa Lockman Turner, KARRIE A. SHOGREN (Illinois CEC), Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. SUSAN B. PALMER (Kansas CEC), Research Professor, Beach Center on Disability, University of Kansas, Lawrence., Karrie Shogren, director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, is the principal investigator. Brian Boyd, also of the University of Kansas, is another co-PI. ... Shogren and other researchers have studied using SDLMI with students with ASD, finding that the intervention is effective in helping the students set and reach ..., Karrie Shogren; View... This led to the recognition that education often failed to promote self-determination for students with disabilities and there was a critical need for supports that ..., This study conducted secondary analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) to examine the degree to which student, family, and school constructs predicted self-determ..., Self-determination has been identified as a predictor of school and postschool outcomes for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (Shogren et al. 2015b; Test et al. 2009), and a number of interventions have been developed for use by secondary special education teachers to support students with intellectual and developmental disabilities to develop self-determination skills ..., The United States Senate Special Committee On Aging. G16 Dirksen Senate Office Building Washington, DC 20510-6050 (202) 224-5364 G16 Dirksen Senate Office Building Washington, DC 20510-6050 (202) 224-5364, Feb 10, 2020 · These include (citing only U.S. studies for purposes of reviewing the state of inclusion in the United States, though international studies mirror these findings) improved academic achievement and academic skill acquisition (Kurth & Mastergeorge, 2010a, 2010b), improved communication skills and social interactions (Carter & Hughes, 2005; Fisher ... , The State of Inclusion With Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the United States. Michael L. Wehmeyer, Karrie A. Shogren, Jennifer ..., Karrie A. Shogren, PhD. The University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA. View all articles by this author. Notes. Lisa Didion, Department of Teaching and Learning, The University of Iowa, 259 Lindquist Center North, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Email: [email protected] Metrics and citations Metrics., Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today's Schools (7th Edition) by Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, Michael L. Wehmeyer, Karrie A. Shogren Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today's Schools (7th Edition) PDF Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today's Schools (7th Edition) by by Ann Turnbull, Rud Turnbull, Michael L. Wehmeyer, Karrie A. Shogren This Exceptional Lives: Special ..., Self-management skills. Goal setting and attainment. Self-advocacy skills. This book is part of the Brookes Publishing Transition to Adulthood Series. Self-Determination & Trans,,Self-Determination and Transition Planning,978-1-59857-269-8,Education,Transition,Shogren, Karrie., What is Self-determination? "Being self-determined is about making things happen in your life." — Dr. Karrie A. Shogren "Self-determined people know what they want and know how to get it." — Dr. Stelios Gragoudas Upcoming Events There are no upcoming events. Tweets by KUCDD How satisfied are you with the information on the website? Very satisfied, Evan Dean, associate director for the KU Center for Developmental Disabilities, and Karrie Shogren, professor of special education and center director, are principal and co-principal investigators. The model, known as SDCDM, is delivered by trained facilitators and supports people with disabilities to set career goals based on their strengths ..., Karrie Shogren, director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, is the principal investigator on a five-year, $3.3 million grant from the Institute of Education Sciences. The project will combine the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction, known as SDLMI, and Peer Supports, two interventions that have proven ..., Shogren et al., 2014 ; Thompson, Tassé, & McLaughlin, 2008) have suggested that when interviewers are formally trained in the administration and scoring procedures provided in the, Karrie A. Shogren, Kathryn M. Burke, Mark Anderson, Anthony Antosh, Michael L. Wehmeyer, Terri LaPlante, Leslie Shaw. 2018. Evaluating the differential impact of interventions to promote self-determination and goal attainment for transition-age youth with intellectual disability , Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities ., Karrie Shogren, director of the Kansas University on Developmental Disabilities, said often the issue is about the person's choice and centering their desires before imposing programs that might not help their future goals. ... In a paper she co-authored, Shogren and her colleagues held focus groups to learn from people living through ..., In this study, we estimated the cost of implementing the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI), an evidence-based practice in secondary transition, at scale in 17 U.S. school distri..., Karrie Shogren, PhD, FAAIDD President, AAIDD Board of Directors, 2022-2023 Welcome from the President. 4 THE MEETING OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PROFESSIONALS |AAIDD 2023 Welcome to Pittsburgh and the 147th AAIDD Annual Meeting! It is my pleasure to welcome you to the 147th Annual Meeting of the, We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us., The Handbook of Research-Based Practices for Educating Students with Intellectual Disability provides an integrated, transdisciplinary overview of research-based practices for teaching students with intellectual disability. This comprehensive volume emphasizes education across life stages, from early intervention in schools through the ..., Karrie A. Shogren, Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Rm 3111, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Metrics and citations Metrics. Journals metrics. This article was published in The Journal of Special Education., Author Biographies Karrie Shogren, PhD, is co-director of the Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities, and an associate professor of special education at the University of Kansas. Her research focuses on self-determination and systems of support for students with disabilities and she has a specific interest in the multiple ..., Karrie Shogren, director of the Kansas University on Developmental Disabilities, said often the issue is about the person's choice and centering their desires before imposing programs that might not help their future goals. ... In a paper she co-authored, Shogren and her colleagues held focus groups to learn from people living through ..., Karrie A. Shogren, PhD, William Kennedy, MA, Chantelle Dowsett, PhD, Mauricio Garnier Villarreal, MA, and Todd D. Little, PhD Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals 2013 37 : 3 , 168-176, The Goal-Setting Challenge App (GSC App) translates the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI) to a web-based format, shifting responsibility from teachers to technology to address challenges in scaling-up implementation. The present descriptive study examines transition-age students' responses to GSC App lessons to explore the degree to which students' responses reflected ..., The Handbook of Research-Based Practices for Educating Students with Intellectual Disability provides an integrated, transdisciplinary overview of research-based practices for teaching students with intellectual disability. This comprehensive volume emphasizes education across life stages, from early intervention in schools through the ..., Karrie A Shogren 1 , Mark H Anderson 1 , Kathryn M Burke 1 , Anthony Antosh 2 , Victoria E Ferrara 2 , Mary A Pallack 2 , Evan E Dean 3 Affiliations 1 Karrie A. Shogren, Mark H. Anderson, and Kathryn M. Burke, University of Kansas., Brief Biography: Michael L. Wehmeyer, Ph.D. is the Ross and Marianna Beach Distinguished Professor in Special Education and Director and Senior Scientist at the Beach Center on Disability, all at the University of Kansas.