Carbonate sediments

organic matter and carbonate content of lake sediments. An accurate and stable weight loss was achieved after 2 h of burning pure CaCO 3 at 950 °C, whereas LOI of pure graphite at 530 °C showed ...

Sediment textures are mainly sands and gravels. In addition to water temperature, carbonate sediments are also affected by water transparency and the number of …Many shells dissolve before reaching the seafloor sediments, a process that releases CO 2 into deep ocean currents. Shells that do not dissolve build up slowly on the sea floor forming calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) sediments. Eventually, tectonic processes of high heat and pressure transform these sediments into limestone.Oct 19, 2023 · Sandstone is formed from layers of sandy sediment that is compacted and lithified. Chemical sedimentary rocks can be found in many places, from the ocean to deserts to caves. For instance, most limestone forms at the bottom of the ocean from the precipitation of calcium carbonate and the remains of marine animals with shells. Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that consists predominantly of calcite [CaCO 3].Limestones are the commonest rocks that contain non-silicate minerals as primary components and, even if they represent only a fraction of all sedimentary rocks (about 20 – 25%), their study is fundamental to understand past environments, climate, and the evolution of life.Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric constituent that plays several vital roles in the environment. It is a greenhouse gas that traps infrared radiation heat in the atmosphere. It plays a crucial role in the weathering of rocks. It is the carbon source for plants. It is stored in biomass, organic matter in sediments, and in carbonate rocks like ...Carbonate Sediments and their Diagenesis Edited by Robin G.C. Bathurst - Jane Herdman Laboratories of Geology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, (Great Britain) Volume 12, Sediment textures are mainly sands and gravels. In addition to water temperature, carbonate sediments are also affected by water transparency and the number of …

Many limestones (carbonate rocks in general) show characteristics similar to those of clastic sediments, like sandstones. Sandstones are composed of sand grains, a mud or clay matrix, and a crystalline cement produced during diagenesis.Biogenous calcium carbonate sediments also require production to exceed dissolution for sediments to accumulate, but the processes involved are a little different than for silica. Calcium carbonate dissolves more readily in more acidic water. Cold seawater contains more dissolved CO 2 and is slightly more acidic than warmer water (section 5.5 ...Sediment gets trapped and the cyanobacteria secrete lime. Finally, peloids and other bioclasts form carbonate mud. Chemical: Ocean Chemistry and Carbonate Process. The chemical carbonate process as explained earlier is when chemical ions in seawater are used to make calcium carbonate.Carbonate sediments dominate the entire tropical Brazilian middle and outer shelves, from north to south, but bioclastic carbonate gravel and sands are also important constituents in the inner shelf in many areas (Dominguez & Leão, 1994 ).Jan 19, 2022 · Fine-grained sediment settles to the bottom forming thin-bedded mudstones, while slumps, debris flows, and turbidity currents form coarse-grained bodies of breccia, conglomerate, and carbonate sand. The resulting facies patterns depend upon the relief of the shelf margin and the nature of the shallow water portion of the margin. Sedimentary rocks are formed on or near the Earth’s surface, in contrast to metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are formed deep within the Earth. The most important geological processes that lead to the creation of sedimentary rocks are erosion, weathering, dissolution, precipitation, and lithification. Erosion and weathering include the ...

Figure 18.9 The distribution of sediment types on the sea floor. Within each coloured area, the type of material shown is what dominates, although other materials are also likely to be present. [SE] Carbonate sediments are derived from a wide range of near-surface pelagic organisms that make their shells out of carbonate (Figure 18.10). Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals. The two major types are limestone, which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO 3 ), and dolomite rock (also known as dolostone), which is composed of mineral dolomite (CaMg (CO 3) 2 ). For example, if Ca added from vents is removed as carbonate sediments, then the impact of hydrothermal activity will be to increase Sr/Ca, not lower it. A key feature of the models (4, 5) is the rate at which Mg is stripped from seawater during hydrothermal alteration in the ocean crust (see the figure). However, estimates of this rate differ ...Limestone is a very common sedimentary rock consisting of calcium carbonate (more than 50%). It is the most common non-siliciclastic (sandstone and shale are common siliciclastic rocks) sedimentary rock.Limestones are rocks that are composed of mostly calcium carbonate (minerals calcite or aragonite). Carbonate rocks where the dominant …

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Mixed carbonate–siliciclastic deposits provide unique insights into hydrodynamic processes that control sedimentation in tidal systems. This study presents sedimentological and ichnological data from the upper Miocene to lower Pliocene Bouse Formation, which accumulated during regional transgression at the margin of a tidal strait near the north …The term carbonate either refers to a mineral or to a rock. Examples of carbonate minerals are calcite (CaCO 3) and dolomite (MgCa(CO 3) 2), which are common constituents of limestones and other calcareous sediments; siderite (FeCO 3), which also occurs in sedimentary rocks; magnesite (MgCO 3), an alteration product of ultramafic …As sediment accumulates to either of these surfaces a flat-topped unit of carbonate sediment and rock is commonly formed that is known as a carbonate platform (Fig. 4). Another general effect of these relative rates of accumulation and subsidence is that ancient limestone successions commonly have hundreds of meters of vertically stacked ... This study focuses on a section located in the central part of the northeast platform (Lower Yangtze platform) that is predominately covered by carbonate with a small quantity of detrital sediments (Lin et al., 2002, Zhao and Zheng, 2014). Download : Download high-res image (509KB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. 1.Oct 1, 2023 · In the continental arc system, CO 2 degassing from skarn-type interactions between crustal carbonate sediments and siliceous arc magmas have been identified as mechanisms that influence the CO 2 budget in the exosphere (Lee and Lackey, 2015; Lee et al., 2013) Therefore, these carbonate sediments are an important part of the deep carbon cycle ...

1. Introduction. Marine carbonate sediments are one of the most important archives of Earth’s history because they are abundant, span 3 billion years, and have no significant detrital component – generally they are interpreted as being precipitated from cations (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Sr 2+, etc.) and carbonate ions (CO 3 2-) in equilibrium with contemporaneous seawater.Sulfuric acid dissolution of carbonate minerals has been found to be important in comminuted sediments of both carbonate and non-carbonate alpine glacial terrains, a characteristic that suggests the weathering sink for atmospheric CO 2 in glacial sediments may be offset by sulfuric acid weathering (Anderson et al., 2000). Which acid dissolves ...In the continental arc system, CO 2 degassing from skarn-type interactions between crustal carbonate sediments and siliceous arc magmas have been identified as mechanisms that influence the CO 2 budget in the exosphere (Lee and Lackey, 2015; Lee et al., 2013) Therefore, these carbonate sediments are an important part of the deep carbon cycle ...Sediments at shallower water depths and areas with higher carbonate ion concentration in subsurface water, such as the North Atlantic, can have 80%–100% carbonate content (Archer, 1996), and near zero concentrations can be found in the deep North Pacific, the Southern Ocean and parts of the Arctic Ocean.Feb 14, 2023 · Calcium carbonate sediment production in a seagrass meadow in the Maldives provides substantial quantities of sediments of a suitable size for reef island building, according to analyses of&nbsp ... Carbonate sediments are among the largest fluxes in Earth's carbon cycle, constituting a key removal pathway for atmospheric CO 2 over geologic timescales ( 14, 15 ). Additionally, carbonates are tied to many other biogeochemical cycles by way of microbial metabolisms ( 16 ).The carbonate lithofacies (Blue) has been deposited from the Exposed Eocene sediments (modified after Davies and Bliefnick 2001) Full size image The Asl Member sediments have been deposited during the Aquitanian–Burdigalian time, during the propagation stage of the Gulf of Suez rifting “Mid-Clysmic tectonic event”.Jan 1, 2013 · Well over 90% of the carbonate sediments found in modern environments are thought to be biological in origin and form under marine conditions ( Tucker and Wright, 1990, Wilson, 1975 ). Distribution of most carbonate sediments is directly controlled by environmental parameters favorable for the precipitation of abiotic and biotic calcium carbonate. Interest in carbonate sedimentation extends beyond geologists because the carbonate system involves biologic and geochemical processes. Carbonate production, for example, releases CO2 but its accumulation becomes a major sink for inorganic carbon. Citation. Milliman, J.D., and A.W. Droxler. 1995. Calcium carbonate sedimentation in the global ...Carbonate particles cannot accumulate in the sediments where the sea floor is below this depth. Calcite is the least soluble of these carbonates, so the CCD is normally the compensation depth for calcite.Despite the short transport distance, sediment samples in the Gaoping Canyon off SW Taiwan Island were distinct from those on the Gaoping Shelf (Kao et al., 2006). Correspondingly, the plot yields a b AgedOC for canyon sediments (0.9887, R 2 = 0.92, Figure 3c) that is notably higher than that of the shelf sediments (0.6671, R 2 = 0.95, Figure 3c).

Carbonate rocks record essential information on changes in paleoclimate and paleoceanography. Abundant geological and geochemical data of carbonate rocks …

1 Introduction. The global volume of seafloor sediments is an impressive 150 million km 3 (Olson et al., 2016).Sediment thickness exceeds 18 km in the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Mexico (Whittaker et al., 2013) due to continental drainage of large sediment sources but typically ranges between 400 m and 1.8 km over middle-aged (ca. 60–120 …The depth in the water column at which the rate of calcium carbonate supplied from the surface equals the rate of dissolution is called the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). If the sea floor lies above the CCD, these CaCO 3 tests can accumulate in the sediments; if the sea floor lies below the CCD, CaCO 3 will be absent from the sediments.Research on subducting sediments indicates that REE and Ba abundances are closely linked to seafloor hydrothermal sediments 1 and that Sr contents are controlled by carbonate phase abundances 32.Most carbonate sediments are formed by the accumulation of skeletons and shells constructed by marine organisms through the precipitation of calcium carbonate (e.g. corals, molluscs, and foraminifera). These are generally known as skeletal, or bioclastic, carbonate sediments.Carbonate sediments are composed of more than 50% carbonate minerals, of which the most common are calcite and aragonite (CaCO 3), and dolomite (CaMg(CO 3) 2). Some carbonates are inorganic in origin, precipitating out of a supersaturated fluid (usually …Jan 1, 2018 · The observation that sediment δ 44 Ca values in Neogene shallow-water carbonate sediments from the platform top, margin, and slope are largely controlled by mineralogy and the extent of fluid-buffered early marine diagenesis and that temporal variations in fluid-buffered diagenesis can generate stratigraphically coherent co-variation between ... Carbonate reservoir geology. Carbonate sediments are commonly formed in shallow, warm oceans either by direct precipitation out of seawater or by biological extraction of calcium carbonate from seawater to form skeletal material. The result is sediment composed of particles with a wide range of sizes and shapes mixed together to form a ...Carbonate reservoir geology. Carbonate sediments are commonly formed in shallow, warm oceans either by direct precipitation out of seawater or by biological extraction of calcium carbonate from seawater to form skeletal material. The result is sediment composed of particles with a wide range of sizes and shapes mixed together to form a ...

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Oct 1, 2023 · In the continental arc system, CO 2 degassing from skarn-type interactions between crustal carbonate sediments and siliceous arc magmas have been identified as mechanisms that influence the CO 2 budget in the exosphere (Lee and Lackey, 2015; Lee et al., 2013) Therefore, these carbonate sediments are an important part of the deep carbon cycle ... The solidus of hydrous carbonate-rich sediments (CS2 and CS5) in this study, hydrous carbonate-free silicate sediments 75, carbonated basalt/gabbro 12 and average sediments 26,27.According to basin lithology, samples like Ling and Min_78 drain catchments covered by carbonate and detrital rocks, ... 2019), river sediments (e.g., Wu et al., 2008), and streams draining silicate rocks (e.g., Gaillardet et al., 1999) to estimate the riverine Mg portion deriving from silicate weathering at a basin scale. However, due to the ...Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals secreted by marine organisms are abundant in the ocean. These particles settle and the majority dissolves in deeper waters or at the seafloor. Dissolution of ...In the continental arc system, CO 2 degassing from skarn-type interactions between crustal carbonate sediments and siliceous arc magmas have been identified as mechanisms that influence the CO 2 budget in the exosphere (Lee and Lackey, 2015; Lee et al., 2013) Therefore, these carbonate sediments are an important part of the deep carbon cycle ...Oct 1, 2023 · In the continental arc system, CO 2 degassing from skarn-type interactions between crustal carbonate sediments and siliceous arc magmas have been identified as mechanisms that influence the CO 2 budget in the exosphere (Lee and Lackey, 2015; Lee et al., 2013) Therefore, these carbonate sediments are an important part of the deep carbon cycle ... Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Knowing where modern carbonates occur, what they are composed of, and what their controls are is essential for evaluating microfacies data. The objectives of this chapter are to summarize the settings and environments in which carbonate sediments are formed and to...The vast majority of carbonate minerals in modern marine sediments are biogenic, derived from the skeletal remains of organisms living in the ocean. However, carbonate minerals can also precipitate abiotically within marine sediments, and this carbonate mineral precipitation within sediments has been suggested as a third major, and isotopically distinct, sink in the global carbon cycle ...The lakebeds are covered in fine-grained silt, clay, and calcium-carbonate sediments, which give some of the lakes their chalky blue hues. (Little Limestone Lake stands out.) The region is underlain by dolomite, a calcium-magnesium-carbonate rock similar to limestone that was deposited during the Paleozoic Era when the landmass was …This present paper deals with the sedimentation of Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic Tadpatri Formation, Cuddapah Basin which is represented by a mixed clastic–carbonate succession where clastic deposition is more compared to the carbonate deposition (Nagaraja Rao et al. 1987; Goswami et al. 2018; Mitra et al. 2018). This is a typical … ….

Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals. The two major types are limestone, which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO 3 ), and dolomite rock (also known as dolostone), which is composed of mineral dolomite (CaMg (CO 3) 2 ).June 1, 2019. Edited by MARC Bot. import existing book. April 1, 2008. Created by an anonymous user. Imported from Scriblio MARC record . An introduction to carbonate sediments and rocks by Terence P. Scoffin, 1987, Blackie, Chapman and Hall edition, in English.Figure 18.9 The distribution of sediment types on the sea floor. Within each coloured area, the type of material shown is what dominates, although other materials are also likely to be present. [SE] Carbonate sediments are derived from a wide range of near-surface pelagic organisms that make their shells out of carbonate (Figure 18.10). The Cretaceous global relative sea-level rise caused expansive epeiric seas that formed vast carbonate platforms, preserving signatures of marine transgression and regression (Coimbra et al. 2016, 2017; Wilmsen et al. 2018; Ruidas et al. 2020).. In the eastern Tethyan Region of central India, platform sediments are represented by the …Distribution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in marine sediment has been studied over the last century, and influence by multiple factors with regard to dissolution and dilution of sedimentary CaCO3 has long been established. There is still lack of quantification on the influence of those factors, so it remains elusive to determine which specific …Modern carbonate sediments are composed almost entirely of metastable aragonite (CaCO 3) and magnesium-rich calcite, both of which readily recrystallize during diagenesis to form calcite. Carbonate rocks commonly grade naturally into siliciclastic sedimentary rocks as the proportion of terrigenous grains of varying size and mineralogy increases.As sediment accumulates to either of these surfaces a flat-topped unit of carbonate sediment and rock is commonly formed that is known as a carbonate platform (Fig. 4). Another general effect of these relative rates of accumulation and subsidence is that ancient limestone successions commonly have hundreds of meters of vertically stacked ... Carbonate sediments are derived from a wide range of near-surface pelagic organisms that make their shells out of carbonate (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). These tiny shells, and the even tinier fragments that form when they break into pieces, settle slowly through the water column, but they don’t necessarily make it to the bottom. While calcite ... Carbonate platform. A carbonate platform is a sedimentary body which possesses topographic relief, and is composed of autochthonic calcareous deposits. [1] Platform growth is mediated by sessile organisms whose skeletons build up the reef or by organisms (usually microbes) which induce carbonate precipitation through their metabolism. Carbonate sediments, organic matter and carbonate content of lake sediments. An accurate and stable weight loss was achieved after 2 h of burning pure CaCO 3 at 950 °C, whereas LOI of pure graphite at 530 °C showed ..., Primarily consisting of limestone, the bedrock geology of Everglades National Park has responded over time to the ongoing processes of weathering, erosion, compaction of organic sediments, unique hydrologic conditions, and episodes of sea-level rise and fall to produce the landscapes we see today. UNESCO: United Nations …, Carbonate sediments are among the largest fluxes in Earth’s carbon cycle, constituting a key removal pathway for atmospheric CO 2 over geologic timescales (14, 15). Additionally, carbonates are tied to many other biogeochemical cycles by way of microbial metabolisms ( 16 ). , Estimation of S-wave velocity using logging data has mainly been performed for sandstone, mudstone and oil and gas strata, while its application to hydrate reservoirs has been largely overlooked. In this paper we present petrophysical methods to estimate the S-wave velocity of hydrate reservoirs with the P-wave velocity and the density as …, The solidus of hydrous carbonate-rich sediments (CS2 and CS5) in this study, hydrous carbonate-free silicate sediments 75, carbonated basalt/gabbro 12 and average sediments 26,27., Sediment cores (<20 cm) were collected near the Dry Tortugas, small islands 110 km west of Key West, Florida (Fig. 1). The area is a fine-grained carbonate shelf environment where the sediments are up to 97% CaCO 3 (the remainder is primarily quartz and biogenic silica), and are composed primarily of fragments of the aragonitic green alga Halimeda sp. with smaller quantities of coral, mollusc ..., Carbon is important because most living creatures on Earth are composed of carbon, according to The State University of New Jersey website. Living things need carbon to grow, live and reproduce., Carbon principally enters the mantle in the form of carbonate-rich sediments on tectonic plates of ocean crust, which pull the carbon into the mantle upon undergoing subduction. Not much is known about carbon circulation in the mantle, especially in the deep Earth, but many studies have attempted to augment our understanding of the element's ..., Sediments & Rocks > Carbonates > Carbonate Classification. Rocks are classified in order to communicate information about them. All classifications of limestones are arbitrary and they frequently overlap or do not fit ones particular needs. Since binocular microscopes or hand lenses are the tools that are commonly available to the ..., Research on subducting sediments indicates that REE and Ba abundances are closely linked to seafloor hydrothermal sediments 1 and that Sr contents are controlled by carbonate phase abundances 32., During diagenesis, sediments are chemically altered by heat and pressure. A classic example is aragonite (CaCO 3 ), a form of calcium carbonate that makes up most organic shells. When lithified aragonite undergoes diagenesis, the aragonite reverts to calcite (CaCO 3 ), which has the same chemical formula but a different crystalline structure., Aragonite is the most abundant mineral in modern-day, shallow-marine carbonate sediments (Gischler et al., 2013) and has been for a large proportion of the Phanerozoic Eon (Hashim and Kaczmarek, 2019). Because aragonite is a metastable phase under most Earth surface conditions, aragonitic sediments tend to dissolve during …, Carbon principally enters the mantle in the form of carbonate-rich sediments on tectonic plates of ocean crust, which pull the carbon into the mantle upon undergoing subduction. Not much is known about carbon circulation in the mantle, especially in the deep Earth, but many studies have attempted to augment our understanding of the element's ..., The Triassic–Jurassic (T–J) boundary coincides with one of the five biggest mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic. This event has been extensively studied in the eastern and central Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA), where the global stratotype section and point for the base of the Jurassic is outcropping. We present one of the first combined bio-, …, The vast majority of carbonate minerals in modern marine sediments are biogenic, derived from the skeletal remains of organisms living in the ocean. However, carbonate minerals can also precipitate abiotically within marine sediments, and this carbonate mineral precipitation within sediments has been suggested as a third major, and isotopically distinct, sink in the global carbon cycle ..., Oct 19, 2023 · Sandstone is formed from layers of sandy sediment that is compacted and lithified. Chemical sedimentary rocks can be found in many places, from the ocean to deserts to caves. For instance, most limestone forms at the bottom of the ocean from the precipitation of calcium carbonate and the remains of marine animals with shells. , Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric constituent that plays several vital roles in the environment. It is a greenhouse gas that traps infrared radiation heat in the atmosphere. It plays a crucial role in the weathering of rocks. It is the carbon source for plants. It is stored in biomass, organic matter in sediments, and in carbonate rocks like ..., Rising atmospheric pCO 2 and ocean acidification originating from human activities could result in increased dissolution of metastable carbonate minerals in shallow-water marine sediments. In the present study, in situ dissolution of carbonate sedimentary particles in Devil’s Hole, Bermuda, was observed during summer when thermally driven …, As carbonate-rich sediments on the continental shelf can rapidly react to the decreasing Ω with respect to carbonate minerals (Haese et al., 2014), OA will potentially have critical implications to their distribution and, consequently, the habitats of benthic organisms. Carbonate Mineral Composition of Shells and Skeletons, Rising atmospheric pCO 2 and ocean acidification originating from human activities could result in increased dissolution of metastable carbonate minerals in shallow-water marine sediments. In the present study, in situ dissolution of carbonate sedimentary particles in Devil’s Hole, Bermuda, was observed during summer when thermally driven …, The first chapter has a brief introduction to carbonate minerals and chemistry. Carbonate grains, deposition processes, and diagenesis are included in chapters 2 through 4 respectively. Chapter 5 is about carbonate environments and describes how carbonate sediments are formed in terrestrial and various marine conditions. , The final U isotopic signature of meteorically influenced carbonate sediments depends on the initial marine-carbonate δ 238 U composition and the oxidation-reduction history of U in the meteoric system. However, meteoric effects on carbonate U isotopic compositions have yet to be fully studied and are an obvious direction for future research., Spatial-temporal distribution of the orogenic carbonate melts supports them being related to continental crustal collision rather than oceanic subduction. Our findings highlight the carbonate sediments deposited in the continental crust as an important source that may deeply downthrust in the orogenic belt and melt during the post-collision stage., Carbonate rocks are significant for both human understanding of Earth's atmospheric and geologic history, in addition to providing humans with significant resources for current civilizational endeavors such as concrete. Limestone is often used in concrete as powder due to its cheap cost. During the formation of concrete, however, breakdown of limestone releases carbon dioxide and contributes significantl…, Carbon dioxide dissolves easily in cold water, so CaCO 3 will dissolve in cold water. The calcite compensation depth (CCD) is the depth in the oceans where the rate of calcium carbonate material forming and sinking is equal with the rate the material is dissolving. Below the CCD no calcium carbonate is preserved —generally there is no CaCO 3 ..., Morse, J.W., 1978. Dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate in sea water: VI. The near-equilibrium dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate-rich deep-sea sediments. American Journal of Science, 278: 344–353. CrossRef Google Scholar Morse, J.W. and Berner, R.A., 1979. Chemistry of calcium carbonate in the deep ocean., As sediment accumulates to either of these surfaces a flat-topped unit of carbonate sediment and rock is commonly formed that is known as a carbonate platform (Fig. 4). Another general effect of these relative rates of accumulation and subsidence is that ancient limestone successions commonly have hundreds of meters of vertically stacked ... , The rate of carbon in the atmosphere has increased dramatically since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The problem with this is that the effects of this increase pose risks to life on the planet., In this review, we discuss microbiological and molecular concepts of Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) and their role in bioconcrete. MICP is a widespread biochemical process in soils, caves, freshwater, marine sediments, and hypersaline habitats. MICP is an outcome of metabolic interactions between diverse …, In contrast to siliciclastic sediments, carbonates form under complex biological and diagenetic processes leading to the formation of a wider range of grain shapes and internal structures (e.g ..., Jun 23, 2020 · In an effort to constrain the mechanism of dolomitization in Neogene dolomites in the Bahamas and improve understanding of the use of chemostratigraphic tracers in shallow-water carbonate sediments the δ 34 S, Δ 47, δ 13 C, δ 18 O, δ 44/40 Ca and δ 26 Mg values and Sr concentrations have been measured in dolomitized intervals from the ... , In the Cenozoic era, continental collisions slowed seafloor spreading, reducing tectonically driven outgassing, while deep-sea carbonate sediments emerged as the Earth’s largest carbon sink., 60 Citations Part of the Topics in Geobiology book series (TGBI,volume 17) Abstract As the 21st century begins, studies of coral reefs, carbonate sediments, and limestones will …